Fluids

The author’s published correlations for subcooled boiling in channels are further studied and developed in this work. The areas explored include choice of equivalent diameters for annuli and partially heated channels, effects of flow direction, micro-gravity, and orientation of heated surface. A new correlation is developed, which is a modification of the author’s earlier correlation. The author’s previous correlations and the new correlation are compared with a very wide range of test data for round tubes, rectangular channels, and annuli. Several other correlations are also compared with the same data. The authors’ correlations provide good agreement with data, the new correlation giving the least deviation. The data included hydraulic diameters from 0.176 to 22.8 mm, reduced pressure from 0.0046 to 0.922, subcooling from 0 to 165 K, mass flux from 59 to 31,500 kgm⁻²s⁻¹, all flow directions, and terrestial to micro gravity. The new correlation has mean absolute deviation (MAD) of 13.3% with 2270 data points from 49 sources. Correlations by others had MAD of 18% to 116%. The results are presented and discussed. Full article

The geometric complexity and high-pressure gradients that characterize the design of the flow field of gear pumps make it very difficult to obtain an accurate CFD simulation of the component. Usually, assumptions are made both in terms of geometrical features and physics being included in the analysis. The contact between the teeth, which is a key factor for the correct functioning of these pumps, represents a critical challenge in 3D CFD simulations, mainly due to the intrinsic limits of the dynamic meshing techniques that can hardly effectively manage a zero or close to zero gap point forming during gear rotation. The geometric complexity and high-pressure gradients that characterize the gear pump flow field make a CFD analysis quite difficult, and the contact between the gear teeth is usually avoided, thus being an extremely important feature. In this paper, a gear pump composed of inlet and outlet pipes was considered, and the contact between the gear’s teeth was modeled in two different ways, one where it is effectively implemented and one where it is avoided using distancing and a proper casing modification. Herein, a new methodology is proposed for the application of the dynamic mesh method in the Simcenter STAR-CCM+ environment using an adaptive remeshing technique. The proposed methodology is compared with the alternative overset meshing method available in the software. The new meshing method is implemented using a user-routing that reproduces the real geometry of the gears while rotating during the pump operation, with teeth contact included. The routine is optimized in order to limit the additional computation and time needed for the remeshing process. The results that can be obtained using the two meshing approaches for the gear pump are compared in terms of computational effort and the accuracy of the results. The two methods showed opposite results in almost all the reported results, with the overset being more precise in the radial pressure evaluation and the dynamic being more reliable in the cavitation/aeration extension cloud. Full article

Pectin is a versatile polysaccharide produced mainly from natural food sources and agro-industrial wastes, adding value to these by-products. For food applications, it is necessary that pectin first interacts with water for technical purposes. As a food additive, pectin acts as a solution thickener and gelling agent for food formulation, even in concentrations of less than 1 (g/100 mL or g/100 g), and it is sufficient to influence food products’ stability, rheology, texture, and sensory properties. Therefore, this review paper attempts to discuss the versability of pectin use, focusing on food application. It starts by showing the chemical structure, the sources’ potential, thickening, and gelling mechanisms and concludes by showing the main applications to the food sector and its rheological properties. Full article

This critical review delves into the impact of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling techniques, specifically 2D, 2.5D, and 3D simulations, on the performance and vortex dynamics of Darrieus turbines. The central aim is to dissect the disparities apparent in numerical outcomes derived from these simulation methodologies when assessing the power coefficient ($C_p$) within a defined velocity ratio ($\lambda$) range. The examination delves into the prevalent turbulence models shaping $C_p$ values, and offers insightful visual aids to expound upon their influence. Furthermore, the review underscores the predominant rationale behind the adoption of 2D CFD modeling, attributed to its computationally efficient nature vis-à-vis the more intricate 2.5D or 3D approaches, particularly when gauging the turbine’s performance within the designated $\lambda$ realm. Moreover, the study meticulously curates a compendium of findings from an expansive collection of over 250 published articles. These findings encapsulate the evolution of pivotal parameters, including $C_p$, moment coefficient ($C_m$), lift coefficient ($C_l$), and drag coefficient ($C_d$), as well as the intricate portrayal of velocity contours, pressure distributions, vorticity patterns, turbulent kinetic energy dynamics, streamlines, and Q-criterion analyses of vorticity. An additional focal point of the review revolves around the discernment of executing 2D parametric investigations to optimize Darrieus turbine efficacy. This practice persists despite the emergence of turbulent flow structures induced by geometric modifications. Notably, the limitations inherent to the 2D methodology are vividly exemplified through compelling CFD contour representations interspersed throughout the review. Vitally, the review underscores that gauging the accuracy and validation of CFD models based solely on the comparison of $C_p$ values against experimental data falls short. Instead, the validation of CFD models rests on time-averaged $C_p$ values, thereby underscoring the need to account for the intricate vortex patterns in the turbine’s wake—a facet that diverges significantly between 2D and 3D simulations. In a bid to showcase the extant disparities in CFD modeling of Darrieus turbine behavior and facilitate the selection of the most judicious CFD modeling approach, the review diligently presents and appraises outcomes from diverse research endeavors published across esteemed scientific journals. Full article

A three-dimensional, transient computational fluid dynamics analysis was conducted on an idealised geometry of a coronary artery fitted with representative geometries of an Absorb bioresorbable vascular scaffold (BVS) or a Xience drug-eluting stent (DES) in order to identify and compare areas of disturbed flow and potential risk sites. A non-Newtonian viscosity model was used with a transient velocity boundary condition programmed with user-defined functions. At-risk areas were quantified in terms of several parameters linked to restenosis: wall shear stress, time-averaged wall shear stress, oscillatory shear index, particle residence time, and shear rate. Results indicated that 71% of the BVS stented surface area had time-averaged wall shear stress values under 0.4 Pa compared to 45% of the DES area. Additionally, high particle residence times were present in 23% and 8% of the BVS and DES areas, respectively, with risk areas identified as being more prominent in close proximity to crowns and link struts. These results suggest an increased risk for thrombosis and neointimal hyperplasia for the BVS compared to the DES, which is in agreement with the outcomes of clinical trials. It is intended that the results of this study may be used as a pre-clinical tool to aid in the design of bioresorbable coronary stents. Full article

The formation of flow-induced, oriented structures in two-phase systems, as in this study, is a phenomenon of considerable interest to the scientific and industrial sectors. The main difficulty in understanding the formation of bands of droplets is the simultaneous interplay of physicochemical, hydrodynamic, and mechanical effects. Additionally, banded structure materials frequently show multiple length scales covering several decades as a result of complex time-dependent stress fields. Here, to facilitate understanding a subset of these structures, we studied water in oil emulsions and focused on the effects of three variables specifically: the confinement factor$(Co=2R/H)$, the viscosity ratio $\left(p\right),$ and the applied shear rate $\left(\dot{\gamma }\right)$. The confinement $\left(Co\right)$ is the ratio between the drop’s diameter ($2R$) and the separation of (the gap between) the circular rotating disks ($H$) containing the emulsion. We carried out (a) observations of the induced structure under different simple shear rates, as well as (b) statistical and morphological analysis of these bands. At low shear rates, the system self-assembles into bands along the direction of the flow and stacked normal to the velocity gradient direction. At higher shear rates is possible to observe bands normal to the vorticity direction. Here, we show that a detailed analysis of the dynamics of the band structures is amenable, as well as measurements of flow field anomalies simultaneously observed. The local emulsion viscosity varies in time, increasing in regions of higher droplet concentration and subsequently inducing velocity components perpendicular to the main flow direction. Thus, the emulsion morphology evolves and changes macroscopically. A relatively plausible explanation is attributed to the competitive effects of coalescence and the rupture of drops, where $p$ values less than one predominate coalescence. Full article

Accurate evaluation of thermo-fluid dynamic characteristics in tanks is critically important for designing liquid hydrogen tanks for small-scale hydrogen liquefiers to minimize heat leakage into the liquid and ullage. Due to the high costs, most future liquid hydrogen storage tank designs will have to rely on predictive computational models for minimizing pressurization and heat leakage. Therefore, in this study, to improve the storage efficiency of a small-scale hydrogen liquefier, a three-dimensional CFD model that can predict the boil-off rate and the thermo-fluid characteristics due to heat penetration has been developed. The prediction performance and accuracy of the CFD model was validated based on comparisons between its results and previous experimental data, and a good agreement was obtained. To evaluate the insulation performance of polyurethane foam with three different insulation thicknesses, the pressure changes and thermo-fluid characteristics in a partially liquid hydrogen tank, subject to fixed ambient temperature and wind velocity, were investigated numerically. It was confirmed that the numerical simulation results well describe not only the temporal variations in the thermal gradient due to coupling between the buoyance and convection, but also the buoyancy-driven turbulent flow characteristics inside liquid hydrogen storage tanks with different insulation thicknesses. In the future, the numerical model developed in this study will be used for optimizing the insulation systems of storage tanks for small-scale hydrogen liquefiers, which is a cost-effective and highly efficient approach. Full article

This comprehensive study focused on the standard taxi sign used in Ireland and its impact on drag production, fuel expenses, and CO${}_2$ emissions. Experimental analysis revealed that the conventional taxi sign significantly increased drag, especially when mounted on streamlined vehicles such as saloon cars, due to flow separation issues on the rear roof and rear windshield. Longitudinal reorientation of the sign offered a 14-fold reduction in drag increase compared to the traditional placement. It was found that positioning the sign in the middle of the roof offered the greatest fuel efficiency. Furthermore, the study estimated that implementing longitudinal repositioning on all Irish taxi signs could save drivers approximately EUR 832 per year and reduce national CO${}_2$ emissions by a substantial 22,464 tonnes annually. Comparative analyses with international taxi signs demonstrated that the Irish sign had significantly larger drag contributions, emphasizing the need for improved aerodynamics. To address the inherent drag issue, the study explored novel appendable devices and proposed alternative taxi sign designs. Among the tested solutions, a magnet-mounted front ramp proved the most effective, reducing total drag by nearly 30%. Additionally, a motorized flip-up taxi sign design demonstrated a remarkable 40% reduction in drag. Finally, a newly proposed taxi sign design, featuring longitudinal positioning and pointed triangular front and rear faces, resulted in a minimal 4.3% increase in vehicle drag compared to the baseline car. Full article

This paper presents a study on flow hydrodynamics for single-channel serpentine flow field (SCSFF) and cross-split serpentine flow field configurations (CSSFF) for different geometric dimensions of channel and rib width ratios with electrode intrusion over varying compression ratios (CRs) in an all-iron redox flow battery. Pressure drops $\left(\Delta p\right)$ measured experimentally across a cell active area of 131 cm² for different electrolyte flow rates were numerically validated. A computational fluid dynamics study was conducted for detailed flow analyses, velocity magnitude contours, flow distribution, and uniformity index for the intrusion effect of a graphite felt electrode bearing a thickness of 6 mm with a channel compressed to varying percentages of 50%, 60%, and 70%. Experimental pressure drops $\left(\Delta p\right)$ over the numerical value resulted in the maximum error approximated to 4%, showing good agreement. It was also reported that the modified version of the cross-split serpentine flow field, model D, had the lowest pressure drop, $\Delta p$, of 2223.4 pa, with a maximum uniformity index at the electrode midplane of 0.827 for CR 50%, across the active cell area. The pressure drop $\left(\Delta p\right)$ was predominantly higher for increased compression ratios, wherein intrusion phenomena led to changes in electrochemical activity; it was found that the velocity distribution was quite uniform for a volumetric uniformity index greater than 80% in the felt. Full article

The noise radiated by the flow around a cylinder in the subcritical regime at $R{e}_D=1\times {10}^4$ and at a subsonic Mach number of $M=0.5$ is here studied. The aerodynamic sound radiated by a cylinder has been studied with a wide range of Reynolds numbers, but there are no studies about how the Mach number affects the acoustic field in the subsonic regime. The flow field is resolved by means of large-eddy simulations of the compressible Navier–Stokes equations. For the study of the noise propagation, formulation 1C of the Ffowcs Williams–Hawkings analogy is used. The fluid flow results show good agreement when comparing the surface pressure coefficient, the recirculation length, the vortex shedding frequency and the force coefficients against other studies performed under similar conditions. The dynamic mode decomposition of the pressure fluctuations is used to relate them with the far-field noise. It is shown that, in contrast to what happens for low Mach numbers, quadrupoles have a significant impact mainly in the observers located in the streamwise direction. This effect leads to a global monopole directivity pattern as the shear fluctuations compensate for the lower value of the aeolian tone away from the cross-stream direction. Full article

This study investigates the effects of gate openings and different sill widths on the sluice gate’s energy dissipation and discharge coefficient (C_d). The physical model of the sills includes rectangular sills of different dimensions. The results show that the gate opening size is inversely related to the C_d for a gate without a sill. In addition, increasing the gate opening size for a given discharge decreases the relative energy dissipation, and increasing the Froude number increases the relative energy dissipation. The results also show that the C_d and relative energy dissipation decrease when the width of the sill is decreased, thus increasing the total area of the flux flowing through the sluice gate and vice versa. According to the experimental results, the relative energy dissipation and the C_d of the sluice gate are larger for all sill widths than without the sill. Finally, non-linear polynomial relationships are presented based on dimensionless parameters for predicting the relative energy dissipation and outflow coefficient. Full article

Effective natural-convection-cooled heat sinks are vital to the future of electronics cooling due to their low energy demand in the absence of an external pumping agency in comparison to other cooling methods. The present numerical study was carried out with ANSYS Fluent and aimed at identifying a more-effective fin design for enhancing heat transfer in natural convection applications for a fixed base-plate size of 100 mm × 100 mm under an applied heat flux of 4000 W/m². The Rayleigh number used in the present study lied within the range of 2.6 × 10⁶ to 4.5 × 10⁶. Initially, a baseline case with rectangular fins was considered in the present study, and it was optimized with respect to fin spacing. This optimized baseline case was then validated against the semi-empirical correlation from the scientific literature. Upon good agreement, the validated model was used for comparative analysis of different heat sink configurations with rectangular, trapezoidal, curved, and angled fins by constraining the surface area of the heat transfer. The optimized fin spacing obtained for the baseline case was also used for the other heat sink configurations, and then, the fin designs were further optimized for better performance. However, for the angled fin case, the optimized configuration found in the scientific literature was adopted in the present study. The proposed novel curved fin design with a shroud showed a 4.1% decrease in the system’s thermal resistance with an increase in the heat transfer coefficient of 4.4% when compared to the optimized baseline fin case. The obtained results were further non-dimensionalized with the proposed scaling in terms of the baseline case for the two novel heat sink cases (trapezoidal, curved). Full article

The integration of phase change phenomena through an interface is a numerical challenge that requires proper attention. Solutions to properly ensure mass and energy conservation were developed for finite difference and finite volume methods, but not for Finite Element methods. We propose a Finite Element phase change model based on an Eulerian framework with a Continuous Surface Force (CSF) approach. It handles both momentum and energy conservation at the interface for anisotropic meshes in a light an efficient way. To do so, a model based on the Level Set method is developed. A thick interface is considered to fit with the CSF approach. To properly compute the energy conservation, heat fluxes are extended through this interface thanks to the resolution of a transport equation. A dedicated pseudo compressible Navier–Stokes solver is added to compute velocity jumps with a source term at the interface in the velocity divergence equation. Several 1D and 2D benchmarks are considered with increasing complexity to highlight the performances of each feature of the framework. This stresses the capacity of the model to properly tackle phase change problems. Full article

This paper assesses the feasibility of performing topology optimization of laminar incompressible flows governed by the steady-state Navier–Stokes equations using anisotropic mesh adaptation to achieve a high-fidelity description of all fluid–solid interfaces. The present implementation combines an immersed volume method solving stabilized finite element formulations cast in the variational multiscale (VMS) framework and level-set representations of the fluid–solid interfaces, which are used as an a posteriori anisotropic error estimator to minimize interpolation errors under the constraint of a prescribed number of nodes in the mesh. Numerical results obtained for several two-dimensional problems of power dissipation minimization show that the optimal designs are mesh-independent (although the convergence rate does decreases as the number of nodes increases), agree well with reference results from the literature, and provide superior accuracy over prior studies solved on isotropic meshes (fixed or adaptively refined). Full article

In this study, the evolution of surface water solitary waves under the action of Jeffreys’ wind–wave amplification mechanism in shallow water is analytically investigated. The analytic approach is essential for numerical investigations due to the scale of energy dissipation near coasts. Although many works have been conducted based on the Jeffreys’ approach, only some studies have been carried out on finite depth. We show that nonlinearity, dispersion, and anti-dissipation are the dominating phenomena, obeying an anti-diffusive and fully nonlinear Serre–Green–Naghdi (SGN) equation. Applying an appropriate perturbation method, the current research yields a Korteweg–de Vries–Burger-type equation (KdV-B), combining weak nonlinearity, dispersion, and anti-dissipation. This derivation is novel. We show that the continuous transfer of energy from wind to water results in the growth over time of the KdV-B soliton’s amplitude, velocity, acceleration, and energy, while its effective wavelength decreases. This phenomenon differs from the classical results of Jeffreys’ approach and is due to finite depth. In this study, it is shown that expansion and breaking occur in finite time. These times are calculated and expressed with respect to soliton- and wind-appropriate parameters and values. The obtained values are measurable in experimental facilities. A detailed analysis of the breaking time is conducted with regard to various criteria. By comparing these times to the experimental results, the validity of these criteria are examined. Full article

This mainly theoretical work is devoted to the study of the contribution of the cell-free layer (CFL) near the vessel wall to hemodynamics in a large coronary artery with stenosis to assess the relevance of CFL modeling to the needs of interventional cardiology. An Euler–Euler model considering blood as a two-component fluid with a discrete phase of erythrocytes and a liquid plasma phase was applied to a simple 2d vessel with 65% stenosis. It was found that both the CFL thickness and the local contribution of the CFL thickness to hemodynamics are inhomogeneous along the vessel. The effects of CFL on the velocity profiles, vortex formation, hematocrit, viscosity, and wall shear stresses in the area of stenosis were determined. To demonstrate the significance of CFL modeling for prognostic purposes, the same hemodynamic conditions, analyzed using a one-component model, were also considered. A comparison analysis showed that the existence of CFL resulted in a significant overestimation (up to over 100%) of the main hemodynamic characteristics of the flow obtained using the model based on the Carreau equation. Full article

In this paper, an interface-fitted fictitious domain finite element method is developed for the simulation of fluid–rigid particle interaction problems in cases of rotated particles with small displacement, where an interface-fitted mesh is employed for the discrete scheme to capture the fluid–rigid particle interface accurately, thereby improving the solution accuracy near the interface. Moreover, a linearization and decoupling process is presented to release the constraint between velocities of fluid and rigid particles in the finite element space, and to make the developed numerical method easy to be implemented. Our numerical experiments are carried out using two different moving interface-fitted meshes; one is obtained by a rotational arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) mapping, and the other one through a local smoothing process among interface-cut elements. A unified velocity is defined in the entire domain based on the fictitious domain method, making it easier to develop an interface-fitted mesh generation algorithm in a fixed domain. Both show that the proposed method has a good performance in accuracy for simulating a neutrally buoyant particle in plane shear flow. This approach can be easily extended to fluid–structure interaction problems involving fluids in different states and structures in different shapes with large displacements or deformations. Full article

Adsorption energy storage is a promising resource-saving technology that allows the rational use of alternative heat sources. One of the most important parts of the adsorption heat accumulator is the adsorber heat exchanger. The parameters of heat transfer in this unit determine how fast heat from an alternative energy source, such as the Sun, will be stored. For the design of adsorption heat accumulators, plate fin heat exchangers are mainly used. In this paper, the procedure for the estimation of the global heat transfer coefficient for the adsorber heat exchanger depending on its geometry is considered. The heat transfer coefficient for a LiCl/SiO₂ sorbent flat layer under conditions of heat storage stage was measured. Based on these data, the global heat transfer coefficients for a number of industrial heat exchangers were theoretically estimated and experimentally measured for the adsorption cycle of daily heat storage. It was shown that theoretically obtained values are in good agreement with the values of the global heat transfer coefficients measured experimentally. Thus, the considered technique makes it possible to determine the most promising geometry of the plate fin heat exchanger for a given adsorption heat storage cycle without complicated experiments. Full article

This study aims to facilitate a physical understanding of resonating cavity flows with efficient numerical treatments of turbulence. It reinforces the efficiency and affordability of scale-adaptive numerical techniques for simulating open cavity flows with a separated shear layer consisting of a wide range of flow scales. Visualization of the resonant modes occurring due to the acoustic feedback loop aids in a better understanding of large-scale flow oscillations. Under this scope, scale-adaptive simulation (SAS) based on the k-$\omega$ SST RANS model with different turbulence treatments has been studied for an open cavity configuration with a length-to-depth $(L/D)$ ratio of $5.7$ featuring Mach number ($Ma$) $0.8$ and Reynolds number ($Re$) $12\times {10}^6$. It is shown that the essential cavity flow physics has been captured using the SAS approach with more than $90\%$ improved computational efficiency compared to commonly used hybrid RANS-LES approaches. In addition, wall-modeled SAS when supplemented with an artificial forcing concept to trigger the model provides very good spectral estimates comparable with hybrid RANS-LES results. Following the validation of numerical approaches, the directional dependence of the cavity resonance is investigated under asymmetric flow conditions, and spanwise interference of waves due to the lateral walls of the cavity has been observed. Full article