Journal Description
Journal of Composites Science
Journal of Composites Science
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on the science and technology of composites published monthly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, ESCI (Web of Science), Inspec, CAPlus / SciFinder, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: CiteScore - Q2 (Engineering (miscellaneous))
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 12.8 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 3.8 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Impact Factor:
3.3 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
3.5 (2022)
Latest Articles
Adjunctive Damage Model to Describe the Interaction of Different Defect Types in Textile Composites on the Strain-Rate-Dependent Material Behaviour
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(9), 365; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7090365 (registering DOI) - 01 Sep 2023
Abstract
Textile composites are predestined for crash-loaded lightweight structures due to their adjustable energy absorption capacity, but they can exhibit different types of defects that occur during production (voids) and in operation (fatigue). The influence of such defects, especially the interaction of several defect
[...] Read more.
Textile composites are predestined for crash-loaded lightweight structures due to their adjustable energy absorption capacity, but they can exhibit different types of defects that occur during production (voids) and in operation (fatigue). The influence of such defects, especially the interaction of several defect types on the strain-rate-dependent material behaviour, is still insufficiently researched and can represent a safety risk. Therefore, this paper presents a phenomenological model that can be used to mathematically describe the strain-rate-dependent stress-strain behaviour of nominally defect-free and defect-affected textile composites. An adjunctive damage model in the sense of continuum damage mechanics is introduced, which also considers the interaction of both defect types for the first time. For the model validation, extensive experimental tests on glass fibre non-crimp fabrics reinforced epoxy (GF-NCF/EP) composites are performed. The focus is put on the influence of voids and fatigue-related pre-damage under subsequent tensile loading at strain rates up to 40 s . The theoretical studies show a good coincidence with the experimental results. The novel model provides a method for the efficient generation of material maps for numerical highly dynamic crash and impact analyses for defect-free and defective textile composites. As a result, a flexible and practice-oriented model approach is available, which makes a significant contribution to an improved understanding of materials and enables a future defect-tolerant design of textile composites.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Composites Modelling and Characterization)
►
Show Figures
Open AccessReview
Artificial Intelligence in Predicting Mechanical Properties of Composite Materials
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(9), 364; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7090364 (registering DOI) - 01 Sep 2023
Abstract
The determination of mechanical properties plays a crucial role in utilizing composite materials across multiple engineering disciplines. Recently, there has been substantial interest in employing artificial intelligence, particularly machine learning and deep learning, to accurately predict the mechanical properties of composite materials. This
[...] Read more.
The determination of mechanical properties plays a crucial role in utilizing composite materials across multiple engineering disciplines. Recently, there has been substantial interest in employing artificial intelligence, particularly machine learning and deep learning, to accurately predict the mechanical properties of composite materials. This comprehensive review paper examines the applications of artificial intelligence in forecasting the mechanical properties of different types of composites. The review begins with an overview of artificial intelligence and then outlines the process of predicting material properties. The primary focus of this review lies in exploring various machine learning and deep learning techniques employed in predicting the mechanical properties of composites. Furthermore, the review highlights the theoretical foundations, strengths, and weaknesses of each method used for predicting different mechanical properties of composites. Finally, based on the findings, the review discusses key challenges and suggests future research directions in the field of material properties prediction, offering valuable insights for further exploration. This review is intended to serve as a significant reference for researchers engaging in future studies within this domain.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Machine Learning in Composites)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Medium-Temperature Glass-Composite Phosphate Materials for the Immobilization of Chloride Radioactive Waste
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(9), 363; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7090363 (registering DOI) - 01 Sep 2023
Abstract
Among the many radiochemical problems, the search for new materials and technologies for the immobilization of radioactive waste remains relevant, and the range continues to change and expand. The possibility of immobilizing the spent chloride electrolyte after the pyrochemical processing of the mixed
[...] Read more.
Among the many radiochemical problems, the search for new materials and technologies for the immobilization of radioactive waste remains relevant, and the range continues to change and expand. The possibility of immobilizing the spent chloride electrolyte after the pyrochemical processing of the mixed uranium-plutonium spent nuclear fuel of the new fast reactor BREST-OD-300 on lead coolant into glass-composite phosphate materials synthesized at temperatures of 650–750 °C was studied. The structure of the obtained samples was studied using XRD and SEM/EDS methods. It has been shown that the spent electrolyte simulator components create stable mixed pyrophosphate phases in the glass composite structure. The materials were found to have high hydrolytic stability. This indicates the promise of using phosphate glass composites as materials for the reliable immobilization of the spent electrolyte.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Composites Applications)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Adsorption of Acid Yellow 23 Dye on Organobentonite/Alginate Hydrogel Beads in a Fixed-Bed Column
by
, , , and
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(9), 362; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7090362 - 30 Aug 2023
Abstract
This research evaluates the use of organoclay/alginate hydrogels in removing Acid Yellow 23 in a fixed-bed column and contributes to the application of these composites in the context of the adsorption of anionic dyes that are present in wastewater. An organobentonite (OBent) was
[...] Read more.
This research evaluates the use of organoclay/alginate hydrogels in removing Acid Yellow 23 in a fixed-bed column and contributes to the application of these composites in the context of the adsorption of anionic dyes that are present in wastewater. An organobentonite (OBent) was synthesized and encapsulated in an alginate matrix, using Ca2+ ions as a crosslinking agent. Experiments in fixed-bed columns showed that breakthrough and exhaustion times were longer with increasing bed height, which decreased with increases in flow rate and initial dye concentration. The Thomas, Yoon–Nelson, and Adams–Bohart models were well fitted to the experimental data for the breakthrough curves with high Adj. R2 correlation coefficients and low values of χ2. The theoretical adsorption capacity of the organobentonite/alginate hydrogel calculated from the Thomas model was 0.50 ± 0.01 mg/g (equivalent to 30.97 mg/g OBent), and this was obtained by using a 15 cm (10.10 g) bed height, 1 mL/min flow rate, and a 45 mg/L input dye concentration. The bed was regenerated with a 0.5 M NaOH solution, and the reuse of the saturated column bed was studied for two adsorption–desorption cycles. The results obtained in this study suggest the potential use of an organoclay/alginate hydrogel for the adsorption of pollutants in continuous systems.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Recent Advances in Hydrogels)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessCommunication
Photocatalytic Biohydrogen Production Using ZnO from Aqueous Glycerol Solution with Aid of Simultaneous Cu Deposition
by
, , , , and
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(9), 361; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7090361 - 29 Aug 2023
Abstract
Biodiesel has gained a great deal of attention as a new sustainable energy alternative to petroleum-based fuels. The subsequent increased biodiesel production requires new utilization of glycerol, which is a byproduct of biodiesel synthesis. Photocatalytic biohydrogen generation using ZnO with the aid of
[...] Read more.
Biodiesel has gained a great deal of attention as a new sustainable energy alternative to petroleum-based fuels. The subsequent increased biodiesel production requires new utilization of glycerol, which is a byproduct of biodiesel synthesis. Photocatalytic biohydrogen generation using ZnO with the aid of simultaneous deposition of copper from an aqueous biomass-derivative glycerol solution was investigated. The effects of the concentration of glycerol solution, Cu ion concentration, and reaction temperature on biohydrogen generation were investigated. The photocatalytic biohydrogen production rate increased as the concentration of aqueous glycerol solution increased, and the observed data could be fitted to the Langmuire–Hinshelwood kinetic models. The photocatalytic H2 production efficiency with ZnO could be significantly improved by simultaneous Cu deposition. The photocatalytic biohydrogen production rate was dependent on temperature, and increased as the temperature increased. Under the optimal conditions, the photocatalytic H2 production rate was 72 µmol h−1 g−1 from the aqueous biomass-derivative glycerol solution. Possible mechanisms for the oxidation of glycerol solution and photocatalytic hydrogen generation were proposed.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Composites for Energy Storage Applications, Volume II)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Surface Modification Methods of Self-Cured Acrylic Resin Repaired with Resin Composite Using a Universal Adhesive
by
, , , , , and
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(9), 360; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7090360 - 29 Aug 2023
Abstract
This research study’s purpose was to evaluate the mechanical and chemical surface treatment methods for self-cured acrylic resin repaired with a resin composite employing a universal adhesive agent. Eighty self-cured acrylic resins were built and designed into eight groups of ten specimens and
[...] Read more.
This research study’s purpose was to evaluate the mechanical and chemical surface treatment methods for self-cured acrylic resin repaired with a resin composite employing a universal adhesive agent. Eighty self-cured acrylic resins were built and designed into eight groups of ten specimens and surface conditioned using sandblasting (SB) and/or with methylmethacrylate monomer (MMA) and/or universal adhesive (UA) as follows: Group 1, non-surface modified; Group 2, SB; Group 3, UA; Group 4, SB + UA; Group 5, MMA; Group 6, SB + MMA; Group 7, MMA + UA; Group 8, SB + MMA + UA. A template was put on the specimen center, and the pushed resin composites. Mechanical testing machinery was used to examine the samples’ shear bond strength (SBS) values. To examine failure patterns, the debonded specimen surfaces were examined using a scanning electron microscope. The one-way ANOVA method was used to evaluate these data, and Tukey’s test was used to determine the significance level (p < 0.05). The highest SBS was obtained in Group 8 (27.47 ± 2.15 MPa); however, it was statistically equivalent to Group 7 (25.85 ± 0.34 MPa). Group 1 (4.45 ± 0.46 MPa) had the lowest SBS, but it was not statistically significant compared to Group 2 (5.26 ± 0.92 MPa). High SBS values were frequently correlated with cohesive patterns. The application of MMA prior to UA is the best method for increasing the SBS between self-cured acrylic resin and resin composite interfaces. However, the use of SB is not significantly different from not using SB.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Composites Manufacturing and Processing)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Polyphenylenepyridines Based on Acetylaromatic Compounds
by
, , , , and
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(9), 359; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7090359 - 29 Aug 2023
Abstract
Nitrogen-containing polyphenylene type polymers containing pyridine rings were synthesized. The polymer-forming reaction is based on the interaction of diacetylarylene and triethylorthoformate with the formation of a pyrylium salt and subsequent treatment of the intermediate product with ammonia. The optimal ratios of the reagents
[...] Read more.
Nitrogen-containing polyphenylene type polymers containing pyridine rings were synthesized. The polymer-forming reaction is based on the interaction of diacetylarylene and triethylorthoformate with the formation of a pyrylium salt and subsequent treatment of the intermediate product with ammonia. The optimal ratios of the reagents for the formation of the pyridine fragment were determined. The mechanism of the main reaction is discussed. The formation of the pyridine ring and phentriyl (1,3,5-triphenylsubstituted benzene) fragments was confirmed using 1H NMR data of the example of model reactions. After heating at a temperature of 450 °C, when a more complete polycondensation process occurs, the polymers reach high values of thermal characteristics—10% weight loss in an inert atmosphere corresponds to 600 °C. The structure of the synthesized polymers was confirmed using elemental analysis, IR, XPS, and EPR spectroscopy. The conjugation length in cross-linked polyphenylene pyridines can be controlled by varying the arylene bridge groups between the phentriyl fragments, which opens up opportunities for the development of new composite materials for electrical applications.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Composite Materials Containing Conjugated and Conductive Polymers)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Axial Behavior of Triaxial Woven Fabric Confined Concrete Columns
by
, , , , , , , and
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(9), 358; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7090358 - 25 Aug 2023
Abstract
Continuous efforts are being made to improve plain concrete compressive strength and ductility by applying carbon, glass fiber, or hybrid-reinforced epoxy resin composites. The investigation centers on analyzing the axial compressive strength and strain, compressive stress–strain behavior, failure morphology, and crack evolution of
[...] Read more.
Continuous efforts are being made to improve plain concrete compressive strength and ductility by applying carbon, glass fiber, or hybrid-reinforced epoxy resin composites. The investigation centers on analyzing the axial compressive strength and strain, compressive stress–strain behavior, failure morphology, and crack evolution of the reinforced cylinders. Besides the experiments, non-linear finite element analysis was performed using the finite element (FE) package ABAQUS 2021. The test results indicate that carbon fiber triaxial woven fabric (TWF-C) confinement result in the most significant improvement of 118% in compressive stress than the concrete specimens. On the other hand, glass fiber triaxial woven fabric (TWF-G) confinement shows the highest enhancement of 161% in ductility. The mechanical properties of the sample utilizing glass fiber as the weft yarn and carbon fiber as the warp yarn (TWF-GC2) exhibit superior improvements of 22% in compressive stress and 8% in axial strain compared to the sample using glass fiber as the warp yarn and carbon fiber as the weft yarn (TWF-CG2). Samples with glass fiber as weft yarn show gradual cracks during loading, while carbon fiber as weft yarn show instantaneous damage. The numerical finite element models accurately predict the experimental results of the tested specimens in this study. There were 1.2~3% and 5~10% discrepancies for compressive stress and axial strain, respectively, between experimental and FE results. Overall, the results suggest that Triaxial woven fabric confinement is a valuable technique to improve the strength and strain of concrete and that the type of fibers used could be tailored for appropriate performance characteristics.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Composites Modelling and Characterization)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Influence of Chemical Pretreatment on the Mechanical, Chemical, and Interfacial Properties of 3D-Printed, Rice-Husk-Fiber-Reinforced Composites
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(9), 357; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7090357 - 25 Aug 2023
Abstract
This article explores using biomass, namely rice husks, as a reinforcement material in thermoplastic copolyester (TPC) composites. Rice husks were subjected to three chemical pretreatments: single-stage sulfuric acid hydrolysis, first-stage sulfuric acid hydrolysis followed by a second-stage methanesulfonic acid (MSA) treatment, and first-stage
[...] Read more.
This article explores using biomass, namely rice husks, as a reinforcement material in thermoplastic copolyester (TPC) composites. Rice husks were subjected to three chemical pretreatments: single-stage sulfuric acid hydrolysis, first-stage sulfuric acid hydrolysis followed by a second-stage methanesulfonic acid (MSA) treatment, and first-stage sulfuric acid hydrolysis followed by a second-stage sodium hydroxide alkali treatment. We studied the effects of these treatments on the rheological, thermal, interfacial, and mechanical properties of composites. The fibers were mixed with polymers at high shear rates and temperatures, and 3D-printed filaments were produced using a desktop 3D printer. The printed parts were analyzed using tensile tests, torque and viscosity measurements, and thermogravimetric analysis to obtain their mechanical, rheological, and thermal properties. SEM imaging was performed to understand the fiber–polymer interface and how it affects the other properties. The results showed that first-stage sulfuric acid hydrolysis followed by a second-stage pretreatment of the fibers with MSA showed better fiber–polymer adhesion and a 20.4% increase in stress at 5% strain, a 30% increase in stress at 50% strain, and a 22.6% increase in the elastic modulus as compared to untreated rice husk composites. These findings indicate that readily available and inexpensive rice husks have significant potential for use in natural fiber-reinforced composites when pretreated using dilute sulfuric acid followed by methane sulfonic acid hydrolysis.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Enhancement of Interfacial Adhesion in Polymer Composites)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Physical, Mechanical and Structural Characteristics of Sulfur Concrete with Bitumen Modified Sulfur and Fly Ash
by
, , , , , , , , , , and
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(9), 356; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7090356 - 25 Aug 2023
Abstract
Industrial waste usage in the technology of construction materials is currently in a relevant and promising direction. Materials made of industrial waste have a lower cost and are highly environmentally friendly. The objective of this study is to develop effective compositions of sulfur
[...] Read more.
Industrial waste usage in the technology of construction materials is currently in a relevant and promising direction. Materials made of industrial waste have a lower cost and are highly environmentally friendly. The objective of this study is to develop effective compositions of sulfur concrete based on the maximum possible number of various wastes of the local industry for this and to investigate the characteristics of this composite. Test samples of sulfur concrete were made from sulfur, fly ash, mineral aggregates and bitumen additive. The dosages of fly ash, sand and bitumen varied, while the content of sulfur and crushed stone remained constant. The following main characteristics of sulfur concrete were determined: density; compressive strength; and water absorption. Tests of sulfur concrete were carried out after 1 day and 28 days of hardening. The best values of compressive strength (24.8 MPa) and water absorption (0.9%) were recorded for the composition of sulfur concrete at the age of 28 days with the following content of components: sulfur—25%, modified with 4% bitumen of its mass; fly ash—10%; crushed stone—40%; and sand—25%. The optimal composition of modified sulfur concrete showed compressive strength up to 78% more and water absorption up to 53% less than the control composition. The characteristics of the sulfur concrete samples after 28 days of hardening differ slightly from the values after 1 day of hardening (up to 1.8%). An analysis of the structure confirmed the effectiveness of the developed composition of sulfur concrete in comparison with the control.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Composites Modelling and Characterization)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Additively Manufactured Multifunctional Composite Parts with the Help of Coextrusion Continuous Carbon Fiber: Study of Feasibility to Print Self-Sensing without Doped Raw Material
by
, , , , and
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(9), 355; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7090355 - 25 Aug 2023
Abstract
Nowadays, the additive manufacturing of multifunctional materials is booming. The fused deposition modeling (FDM) process is widely used thanks to the ease with which multimaterial parts can be printed. The main limitation of this process is the mechanical properties of the parts obtained.
[...] Read more.
Nowadays, the additive manufacturing of multifunctional materials is booming. The fused deposition modeling (FDM) process is widely used thanks to the ease with which multimaterial parts can be printed. The main limitation of this process is the mechanical properties of the parts obtained. New continuous-fiber FDM printers significantly improve mechanical properties. Another limitation is the repeatability of the process. This paper proposes to explore the feasibility of printing parts in continuous carbon fiber and using this fiber as an indicator thanks to the electrical properties of the carbon fiber. The placement of the fiber in the part is based on the paths of a strain gauge. The results show that the resistivity evolves linearly during the elastic period. The gauge factor (GF) increases when the number of passes in the manufacturing plane is low, but repeatability is impacted. However, no correlation is possible during the plastic deformation of the sample. For an equivalent length of carbon fiber, it is preferable to have a strategy of superimposing layers of carbon fiber rather than a single-plane strategy. The mechanical properties remain equivalent but the variation in the electrical signal is greater when the layers are superimposed.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Additive Manufacturing of Advanced Composites)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Review on Characterization of Biochar Derived from Biomass Pyrolysis via Reactive Molecular Dynamics Simulations
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(9), 354; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7090354 - 25 Aug 2023
Abstract
Biochar is a carbon-rich solid produced during the thermochemical processes of various biomass feedstocks. As a low-cost and environmentally friendly material, biochar has multiple significant advantages and potentials, and it can replace more expensive synthetic carbon materials for many applications in nanocomposites, energy
[...] Read more.
Biochar is a carbon-rich solid produced during the thermochemical processes of various biomass feedstocks. As a low-cost and environmentally friendly material, biochar has multiple significant advantages and potentials, and it can replace more expensive synthetic carbon materials for many applications in nanocomposites, energy storage, sensors, and biosensors. Due to biomass feedstock species, reactor types, operating conditions, and the interaction between different factors, the compositions, structure and function, and physicochemical properties of the biochar may vary greatly, traditional trial-and-error experimental approaches are time consuming, expensive, and sometimes impossible. Computer simulations, such as molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, are an alternative and powerful method for characterizing materials. Biomass pyrolysis is one of the most common processes to produce biochar. Since pyrolysis of decomposing biomass into biochar is based on the bond-order chemical reactions (the breakage and formation of bonds during carbonization reactions), an advanced reactive force field (ReaxFF)-based MD method is especially effective in simulating and/or analyzing the biomass pyrolysis process. This paper reviewed the fundamentals of the ReaxFF method and previous research on the characterization of biochar physicochemical properties and the biomass pyrolysis process via MD simulations based on ReaxFF. ReaxFF implicitly describes chemical bonds without requiring quantum mechanics calculations to disclose the complex reaction mechanisms at the nano/micro scale, thereby gaining insight into the carbonization reactions during the biomass pyrolysis process. The biomass pyrolysis and its carbonization reactions, including the reactivity of the major components of biomass, such as cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose, were discussed. Potential applications of ReaxFF MD were also briefly discussed. MD simulations based on ReaxFF can be an effective method to understand the mechanisms of chemical reactions and to predict and/or improve the structure, functionality, and physicochemical properties of the products.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization and Modelling of Composites, Volume III)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Powder Metallurgy Preparation and Characterization of Titanium-Titanium Diboride Composite Targeted for Dental Implant
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(9), 353; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7090353 - 25 Aug 2023
Abstract
Due to the advantages over other metallic materials, such as superior corrosion resistance, excellent biocompatibility, and favorable mechanical properties, titanium, its alloys and related composites, are frequently utilized in biomedical applications, particularly in orthopedics and dentistry. This work focuses on developing novel titanium-titanium
[...] Read more.
Due to the advantages over other metallic materials, such as superior corrosion resistance, excellent biocompatibility, and favorable mechanical properties, titanium, its alloys and related composites, are frequently utilized in biomedical applications, particularly in orthopedics and dentistry. This work focuses on developing novel titanium-titanium diboride (TiB2; ceramic material) composites for dental implants where TiB2 additions were estimated to be 9 wt.%. In a steel mold, Ti-TiB2 composites were fabricated using a powder metallurgy technique and sintered for five hours at 1200 °C. Microstructural and chemical properties were analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to evaluate the impact of the TiB2 ceramic addition. Compressive strength, Brinell hardness, porosity, and density, among other mechanical and physical properties, were also measured and characterized. It has been found that adding TiB2 to Ti increases its porosity (35.53%), compressive strength (203.04 MPa), and surface hardness (296.3 kg/mm2) but decreases its density (3.79 gm/cm3). The lightweight and strong composite could be suitable for dental implant applications.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biocomposites)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessReview
A Review of Recent Improvements, Developments, Effects, and Challenges on Using Phase-Change Materials in Concrete for Thermal Energy Storage and Release
by
, , , , , and
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(9), 352; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7090352 - 25 Aug 2023
Abstract
Most concrete employs organic phase change materials (PCMs), although there are different types available for more specialised use. Organic PCMs are the material of choice for concrete due to their greater heat of fusion and lower cost in comparison to other PCMs. Phase
[...] Read more.
Most concrete employs organic phase change materials (PCMs), although there are different types available for more specialised use. Organic PCMs are the material of choice for concrete due to their greater heat of fusion and lower cost in comparison to other PCMs. Phase transition materials are an example of latent heat storage materials (LHSMs) that may store or release thermal energy at certain temperatures. A phase transition occurs when a solid material changes from a solid state to a liquid state and back again when heat is added or removed. It is common knowledge that adding anything to concrete, including PCMs, will affect its performance. The goal of this review is to detail the ways in which PCMs affect certain concrete features. This overview also looks into the current challenges connected with employing PCMs in concrete. The review demonstrates a number of important findings along with the possible benefits that may pave the way for more research and broader applications of PCMs in construction. More importantly, it has been elucidated that the optimum PCM integrated percentage of 40% has doubled the quantity of thermal energy stored and released in concrete. Compared to conventional concrete, the macro-encapsulated PCMs showed thermal dependability, chemical compatibility, and thermal stability due to delaying temperature peaks. Furthermore, the maximum indoor temperature decreases by 1.85 °C and 3.76 °C in the test room due to the addition of 15% and 30% PCM composite, respectively. Last but not least, incorporating microencapsulated PCM has shown a positive effect on preventing freeze-thaw damage to concrete roads.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2023)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Effect of Fabric Areal Weight on the Mechanical Properties of Composite Laminates in Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Polymers
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(9), 351; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7090351 - 24 Aug 2023
Abstract
The present work aims at studying the effect of the reinforcing fabric areal weight on the mechanical properties of composite laminates in carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers. Three different pre-impregnated 2 × 2 twill weaves, characterized by the different areal weight values of 380, 630, and
[...] Read more.
The present work aims at studying the effect of the reinforcing fabric areal weight on the mechanical properties of composite laminates in carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers. Three different pre-impregnated 2 × 2 twill weaves, characterized by the different areal weight values of 380, 630, and 800 g/m2 were used to produce laminates. These areal weights were selected to represent typical values used in structural application. A hand lay-up technique followed by an autoclave cycle curing was employed to produce the laminates. The desired final thickness of the laminates was obtained by laying-up a different ply number, as a function of the areal weight and thickness of each fabric. Uniaxial tensile and in-plane shear response tests were performed on samples obtained from laminates after curing. Furthermore, the presence of voids in composite materials were detected by performing resin digestion tests. Finally, light optical microscopy and stereomicroscopy analyses allowed observing the different arrangement of the plies in the cross-sections of laminates after curing and evaluating the degree of compaction as a function of the reinforcing fabric used. It was demonstrated that the fabric areal weight significantly affects the mechanical performances of the composite laminates; specifically, the decrease in the areal weight of the twill weave leads to an increase in tensile strength, elastic modulus, and in-plane shear stress, i.e., of about 56.9%, 26.6%, and 55.4%, respectively, if 380 g/m2 and 800 g/m2 fabrics are compared. These results are crucial for an optimal material selection during the design process for industrial applications and help to better understand composite material behavior.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composite Materials)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Mode II Fatigue Delamination Growth and Healing of Bis-Maleimide Modified CFRPs by Using the Melt Electro-Writing Process Technique
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(9), 350; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7090350 - 23 Aug 2023
Abstract
In the current study, the interlaminar fracture toughness behavior of high-performance carbon fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRPs) modified with Bis-maleimide (BMI) resin was investigated under Mode II quasi-static and fatigue remote loading conditions. Specifically, CFRPs were locally integrated with BMI resin, either nano-modified with graphene
[...] Read more.
In the current study, the interlaminar fracture toughness behavior of high-performance carbon fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRPs) modified with Bis-maleimide (BMI) resin was investigated under Mode II quasi-static and fatigue remote loading conditions. Specifically, CFRPs were locally integrated with BMI resin, either nano-modified with graphene nano-platelets (GNPs) or unmodified, using the melt electro-writing process (MEP) technique. Following the modification, two types of CFRPs were manufactured: (a) CFRPs with pure BMI resin and (b) CFRPs with GNP-modified resin. Quasi-static tests demonstrated that the interlaminar fracture toughness properties of both modified CFRPs were significantly improved compared to the unmodified/reference CFRPs. Conversely, fatigue tests were conducted under displacement control, with crack length measurement performed using a traveling microscope. Delamination length and load quantities were measured at specific cycle intervals. The results indicated that both modified CFRPs exhibited enhanced resistance to delamination under Mode II fatigue loading, with earlier crack arrest, compared against the reference CFRPs. Additionally, the CFRPs displayed low healing efficiency (H.E.) after the healing cycle was activated. Overall, this approach shows promise in improving the delamination resistance of CFRPs under Mode II.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composite Materials)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Laser-Welded Corrugated-Core Sandwich Composition—Numerical Modelling Strategy for Structural Analysis
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(9), 349; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7090349 - 23 Aug 2023
Abstract
Laser-welding technology has recently enabled the production of corrugated-core steel sandwich panels (CCSSPs) as an innovative large-scale, lightweight structural solution in maritime and infrastructure applications. Detailed numerical analyses, specifically weld-region stress prediction in the presence of transverse patch loading and supports, are computationally
[...] Read more.
Laser-welding technology has recently enabled the production of corrugated-core steel sandwich panels (CCSSPs) as an innovative large-scale, lightweight structural solution in maritime and infrastructure applications. Detailed numerical analyses, specifically weld-region stress prediction in the presence of transverse patch loading and supports, are computationally challenging and time-consuming for their optimal design. This paper introduces an efficient, simplified combined sub-modelling approach for accurately predicting the detailed structural response of welded corrugated-core steel panels. The approach rests on the homogenisation of the three-dimensional (3D) panel into a two-dimensional equivalent orthotropic single layer (EOSL), where the effect of transverse compressive loads and local support conditions are captured separately via different 2D and 3D sub-modelling techniques, together with a model introduced for calculation of the weld region’s equivalent spring stiffnesses. A laser-welded corrugated-core steel sandwich panel (CCSSP), as a future generation of the steel bridge deck, was examined using different modelling approaches. It was shown that the proposed combined sub-modelling approach can accurately predict stresses and displacements in all the constituent members of the cross-section, including the welds, in a reasonable calculation time when compared with a 3D reference model, unlike the conventional homogenisation approaches.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Large-Scale Composite Structures—Challenges and Opportunities, Volume II)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Modal Parameter Identification and Comfort Assessment of GFRP Lightweight Footbridges in Relation to Human–Structure Interaction
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(9), 348; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7090348 - 22 Aug 2023
Abstract
With the emergence of slimmer footbridges and the introduction of lighter materials, the challenge of vibrational comfort assessment becomes more and more relevant. Previous studies have shown that each pedestrian will act both as an inducer and a damper, referred to as human–structure
[...] Read more.
With the emergence of slimmer footbridges and the introduction of lighter materials, the challenge of vibrational comfort assessment becomes more and more relevant. Previous studies have shown that each pedestrian will act both as an inducer and a damper, referred to as human–structure interaction. However, this interaction is currently not implemented in design guidelines, which leads to a poor comfort estimation for small lightweight footbridges. Derived from smartphone-based vibration measurements, this paper provides an overview of the modal parameters at various pedestrian densities and a comfort assessment of a selection of simply supported GFRP and steel lightweight footbridges in Flanders. The results indicate that the initial structural damping ratios for GFRP bridges exceed the values set in design guidelines and that they increase with an increasing pedestrian density. Further, it is shown that the measured accelerations do not relate proportionally to the pedestrian density. From both results the relevance of human–structure interaction is confirmed. Finally, while the first natural frequency is analytically predicted accurately, the vertical accelerations are substantially overestimated. Here, a better estimation can be made based on the experimentally measured damping ratios. The results contribute to a better understanding of human–structure interaction and the vibration assessment of lightweight footbridges. Practical applications include optimizing footbridge design, focussing on better performance and improving safety and user experience.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Composites for Construction Industry)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Predicting Mechanical Properties of Magnesium Matrix Composites with Regression Models by Machine Learning
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(9), 347; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7090347 - 22 Aug 2023
Abstract
Magnesium matrix composites have attracted significant attention due to their lightweight nature and impressive mechanical properties. However, the fabrication process for these alloy composites is often time-consuming, expensive, and labor-intensive. To overcome these challenges, this study introduces a novel use of machine learning
[...] Read more.
Magnesium matrix composites have attracted significant attention due to their lightweight nature and impressive mechanical properties. However, the fabrication process for these alloy composites is often time-consuming, expensive, and labor-intensive. To overcome these challenges, this study introduces a novel use of machine learning (ML) techniques to predict the mechanical properties of magnesium matrix composites, providing an innovative and cost-effective alternative to conventional methods. Various regression models, including decision tree regression, random forest regression, extra tree regression, and XGBoost regression, were employed to forecast the yield strength of magnesium alloy composites reinforced with diverse materials. This approach leverages existing research data on matrix type, reinforcement type, heat treatment, and mechanical working. The XGBoost Regression model outperformed the others, exhibiting an R2 value of 0.94 and the lowest error rate. Feature importance analysis from the best model indicated that the reinforcement particle form had the most significant influence on the mechanical properties. Our research also identified the optimized parameters for achieving the highest yield strength at 186.99 MPa. This study successfully demonstrated the effectiveness of ML as a valuable, novel tool for optimizing the production parameters of magnesium matrix composites.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Metal Composites)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Preparation and Hydrolytic Degradation of Hydroxyapatite-Filled PLGA Composite Microspheres
by
, , , , and
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(9), 346; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7090346 - 22 Aug 2023
Abstract
Various hydroxyapatite-filled and unfilled microspheres based on lactide and glycolide copolymers were prepared. The synthesized poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) samples were characterized by GPC and 1H NMR spectroscopy, the morphology was characterized by SEM. It was shown that under the tin (II) 2-ethylhexanoate
[...] Read more.
Various hydroxyapatite-filled and unfilled microspheres based on lactide and glycolide copolymers were prepared. The synthesized poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) samples were characterized by GPC and 1H NMR spectroscopy, the morphology was characterized by SEM. It was shown that under the tin (II) 2-ethylhexanoate catalysis the glycolide is highly active in copolymerization as compared with lactide. According to the data on weight loss and the weight average molecular weight shift of PLGA over time (pH = 6.5; t = 25 °C), an increase in the rate of microsphere destruction was noted when macromolecules were enriched with glycolic acid residues, as well as when filled with hydroxyapatite. It was shown that the rate of PLGA degradation was determined by the water-accessible surface of a sample. The rate increase in PLGA hydrolytic degradation both with an increase in glycolic acid residues mole fraction in the chain and upon filling with hydroxyapatite was the result of the microspheres’ surface hydrophilization, an increase in capillary pressure upon filling of the pores as well as of the defects with water, and an increase in the number of structural defects. Approaches to the creation of composite microspheres based on PLGA degrading at a controlled rate were proposed.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Composites Manufacturing and Processing)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Journal Menu
► ▼ Journal Menu-
- J. Compos. Sci. Home
- Aims & Scope
- Editorial Board
- Reviewer Board
- Topical Advisory Panel
- Instructions for Authors
- Special Issues
- Topics
- Sections
- Article Processing Charge
- Indexing & Archiving
- Editor’s Choice Articles
- Most Cited & Viewed
- Journal Statistics
- Journal History
- Journal Awards
- Conferences
- Editorial Office
Journal Browser
► ▼ Journal BrowserHighly Accessed Articles
Latest Books
E-Mail Alert
News
Topics
Topic in
Energies, Materials, Processes, Water, J. Compos. Sci.
Advances in Adsorption Desalination and Cooling Systems
Topic Editors: Jaroslaw Krzywanski, Marcin Sosnowski, Karol Sztekler, Anna Pajdak, Anna Zylka, Anna Kulakowska, Karolina Grabowska, Dorian SkrobekDeadline: 30 September 2023
Topic in
Polymers, Materials, J. Compos. Sci., Solids
Rubbers and Elastomers Materials
Topic Editors: Marianella Hernández Santana, Héctor Aguilar BoladosDeadline: 30 December 2023
Topic in
Applied Sciences, Crystals, J. Compos. Sci., Materials, Metals
Modern Material Technologies Intended for Industrial Applications
Topic Editors: Tomasz Tański, Andrzej N. Wieczorek, Marcin StaszukDeadline: 30 June 2024
Topic in
Energies, J. Compos. Sci., Materials, Nanomaterials, Polymers
Advanced Polymeric Composites: Processing, Characterization and Mechanical Behavior
Topic Editors: Jude O. Iroh, Derrick Dean, Kirill Levine, Ramakrishnan RajagopalanDeadline: 31 August 2024
Conferences
Special Issues
Special Issue in
J. Compos. Sci.
Recent Progress and Future of Polymer Composites
Guest Editors: Yangfei Zhang, An LiDeadline: 20 September 2023
Special Issue in
J. Compos. Sci.
Advanced Multi-Functional Composites and Metamaterials, Volume II
Guest Editors: Susmita Naskar, Tanmoy MukhopadhyayDeadline: 30 September 2023
Special Issue in
J. Compos. Sci.
3D Printed Composite Materials and Structures
Guest Editor: Xiang XuDeadline: 15 October 2023
Special Issue in
J. Compos. Sci.
Recent Advances in the Enhancement of Interfacial Adhesion in Polymer Composites
Guest Editor: Aleksander HejnaDeadline: 31 October 2023