Magnetism

Multipolar bonded magnets based on thermosets offer the opportunity to expand the applications of bonded magnets with respect to an increasing chemical and thermal resistance compared to thermoplastics. To utilise this option, the correlation between the material system and the magnetic properties must be explored amongst other influencing factors. This paper investigates the magnetic properties and the orientation of thermoset- (epoxy resin and phenolic resin) based bonded ring magnets with a hard magnetic filler of strontium-ferrite-oxide. The influence of the matrix material and the filler grade on the magnetic properties is correlated with the material characterisation showing a high impact of the embedding of the fillers into the matrix on the orientation and with that the magnetic properties. Based on a network theory, it can be justified that the magnetic properties can be increased due to a phenolic resin and a high filler grade. Further, it was shown that the orientation along the sample depth is highly affected by the strength of the outer magnetic field and limited in terms of the high-tool temperature in a thermoset-based production. With that, the sample depth, which reveals a proper orientation, is restricted so far. Full article

Magneto-electric coupling is a desirable property for a material used in modern electronic devices to possess due to the favorable possibilities of tuning the electronic properties using a magnetic field and vice versa. However, such materials are rare in nature. That is why the so-called superlattice approach to creating such materials is receiving so much attention. In the superlattice approach, the functionality of a combined heterostructure depends on the interacting components and can be adjusted depending on the desired property. In the present paper, we present supercells of ferromagnetic thin films of Fe and Co deposited on ferroelectric and piezoelectric substrates of BaTiO₃ and SrTiO₃ that exhibit magnetism, ferroelectric polarization and piezoelectric effects. Within the structures under investigation, magnetic moments can be tuned by an external electric field via the ferroelectric dipoles. We investigate the effect of magnetoelectric coupling by means of ab initio spin-polarized and spin–orbit calculations. We study the structural, electronic and magnetic properties of heterostructures, and show that electrostriction can reduce the magnitude of the magnetization vector of a ferromagnet. This approach can become the basis for controlling the properties of one of the ferromagnetic layers of a superconducting spin valve, and thus the superconducting properties of the valve. Full article

The properties of a superconducting spin valve Fe1/Cu/Fe2/Cu/Pb on a piezoelectric PMN–PT substrate ([Pb(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃]_0.7–[PbTiO₃]_0.3) in electric and magnetic fields have been studied. The magnitude of the shift of the superconducting transition temperature in the magnetic field H = 1 kOe equal to 150 mK was detected, while the full superconducting spin valve effect was demonstrated. Abnormal behavior of the superconducting transition temperature was observed, which manifests itself in the maximum values of the superconducting transition temperature with the orthogonal orientation of the magnetization vectors of ferromagnetic layers. This may indirectly indicate the formation of the easy axis of the magnetization vector of the Fe1-layer adjacent to the piezoelectric substrate PMN–PT. It was found that with an increase in the magnitude of the applied electric field to the PMN–PT substrate, the shift in the superconducting transition temperature of the Fe1/Cu/Fe2/Cu/Pb heterostructure increases. The maximum shift was 10 mK in an electric field of 1 kV/cm. Thus, it has been shown for the first time that a piezoelectric superconducting spin valve can function. Full article

In this review, we consider the impact of magnetic field on the properties of strongly correlated heavy-fermion compounds such as heavy-fermion metals and frustrated insulators with quantum spin liquid. Magnetic field B can be considered a universal tool, allowing the exploration of the physics controlling the remarkable properties of heavy-fermion compounds. These vivid properties are $T/B$ scaling, exhibited under the application of magnetic field B and at fixed temperature T, and the emergence of Landau Fermi liquid behavior under the application of magnetic field. We analyze the influence of quasiparticle–hole asymmetry on the properties of heavy-fermion (HF) compounds such as the universal scaling behavior of the thermopower $S/T$ exhibited under the application of magnetic field B. We show that universal scaling is demonstrated by different HF compounds such as $\beta$-${\mathrm{YbAlB}}_4$, ${\mathrm{YbRh}}_2{\mathrm{Si}}_2$, and strongly correlated layered cobalt oxide $\left[{\mathrm{BiBa}}_{0.66}{\mathrm{K}}_{0.36}{\mathrm{O}}_2\right]{\mathrm{CoO}}_2$. Analyzing ${\mathrm{YbRh}}_2{\mathrm{Si}}_2$, we show that the $T/B$ scaling behavior of $S/T$ is violated at the antiferromagnetic phase (AF) transition. The residual resistivity ${\rho }_0$ and the density of states $N_0$ experience jumps at the AF transition, causing two jumps in the thermopower and its sign reversal. Our consideration is based on the flattening of the single-particle spectrum that strongly affects ${\rho }_0$ and $N_0$ and leads to the violation of particle–hole symmetry. The particle–hole asymmetry generates the asymmetrical part $\mathsf{\Delta }{\sigma }_d\left(V\right)$ of tunneling differential conductivity ${\sigma }_d\left(V\right)$, $\mathsf{\Delta }{\sigma }_d\left(V\right)={\sigma }_d\left(V\right)-{\sigma }_d(-V)$, where V is the voltage bias. We demonstrate that in the presence of magnetic field, the quasiparticle–hole asymmetry vanishes, the LFL behavior is restored, and the asymmetry disappears. Our calculations of the mentioned properties of HF compounds, based on the fermion condensation theory, are in good agreement with the experiment and support our conclusion that the fermion condensation theory is capable of describing the properties of HF compounds, including those exhibited under the application of magnetic field. Full article

This document presents the process flow and the experimental conditions for calculating the static magnetic intermediate permeability of a specimen with a dedicated geometrical contour and surface for simulation parameter of metal detection systems. In this case, intermediate is explained and defined as probes with a magnetic permeability between 10 and 1000. An analysis of recent and current measurement standards as well as similar simulation principles leads to the contribution value of this new hybrid process flow. To calculate the permeability value in a first step, an electromagnetic circuit was constructed and excited with a defined electrical DC current with a dedicated tolerance for generating a static approximated homogenic magnetic field in a defined air gap space sector. Additionally, to the H-field generation part double copper coil, two magnetic ferrite cylinders with known permeability were used. The electrical and magnetic circuit has been modeled by an Ansys FEM Electronic Desktop software; the solver is magnetic static. Specifically, the simulated magnetic field distribution of the airgap was evaluated by using different Hall sensor elements with different tolerances. Subsequently, the electromagnetic circuit was expanded by implementing different cylindrical and cube shaped probes on a defined position inside the air gap sector with homogenic magnetization. Moreover, based on the analysis of the air gap structure without the probes, a detailed 3D-FEM model of the air gap magnetic field with special probes was established, which provides the environmental field distribution of the probes. The simulation models were compared with the corresponding Hall sensor measurements, which proved the high accuracy experimental validity of the models established in this paper. Finally, some key features related to parameter variations in the electromagnetic circuit were extracted, which can significantly reflect the characteristics of the robustness of the measurement principle. The main findings reported in this paper will be beneficial for magnetic parameter settings in electromagnetic simulation. Full article

The magnetic characteristics of electromagnetic steel sheets used for motors are evaluated under ideal sinusoidal excitation. However, in actual equipment driving, excitation by pulse-width modulation (PWM) waves is the mainstream method. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify how the magnetic properties used in motors are changed by sinusoidal excitation and inverter excitation. To clarify the magnetic properties of the laminated core by inverter excitation, samples with different core sizes were prepared and the effects on the magnetic properties were then investigated. The magnetic properties were measured by changing only the input voltage V_DC while maintaining the carrier frequency and modulation factor constant. As the results, the iron loss values of the small, medium, and large samples with inverter excitation were 6.05, 9.58, and 11.62 W/kg, respectively. The iron losses of the small, medium, and large toroidal cores with inverter excitation increased by 124.9, 256.1, and 332.0%, respectively, compared with the iron loss of each toroidal core with sinusoidal excitation. The larger the body, the higher the required voltage and iron loss. It can be inferred that a larger amount of energy was required to excite a larger toroidal core. This was because the change in magnetic flux density per unit time of the large toroidal core was greater than that of other cores. This indicates that the large toroidal core generated larger eddy currents than other cores. Therefore, it is possible to say that large toroidal cores generate greater eddy current losses than other cores. Full article

I consider a proton–neutron fluid mixture placed in an ultra-strong external static magnetic field and derive the spin-independent, small-amplitude disturbances in infinitely extended systems. As a theoretical framework I adopt a hydrodynamical model for the proton and neutron fluids moving in a Skyrme mean-field derived from the time-dependent Hartree Fock formulation of the many-body nuclear problem. From the mass, momentum balance, and Maxwell equations, I set up a system of equations governing the electromagnetic field and the continuum-mechanical fields of the mixture. Next, the hydromagnetic equations are linearized, and the occurrence of small-amplitude distortions of the velocity field is analyzed for various orientations of the constant external magnetic induction with respect to the wave propagation vector. The derivation of the above equations is carried out for the inviscid case. Full article

Recent history demonstrates that threat has no borders, though risk does, due to national and regional differences in vulnerabilities and exposure landscapes. The difference between well and poorly managed threat is striking. Inequalities in preparing for threats as a function of their type are still apparent. Compared to more concerning electromagnetic interference threats, the impact of geomagnetic disturbance (GMD) on power grid operation is not well studied. The need for detailed research of GMD negative impacts is expected to broaden awareness. The amplitude of geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) is treated as a uniform measure of danger that can be processed by various stakeholders. Hence, methods for increasing the accuracy of GIC representation are presented in this paper. A low-entropy signal is defined and it is shown that the feature of low signal entropy can be used for increasing the accuracy of the measurement equipment. At the end, a full-system view of GMD impact on power grid operation is given. Full article

Integration of the ferrite devices in the RF front-end and active antennas is hindered by the need for external magnets, biasing soft microwave ferrites. The hexaferrite-based self-biased nonreciprocal devices can operate without external magnets at mm-wave frequencies but the currently available hexaferrite materials inflict high RF losses at lower frequencies, particularly in the wireless communication bands. In this paper, the parameters of La-Co-substituted hexaferrite compounds are used for the self-biased circulators in the low GHz frequency bands, and a means of the dissipation loss reduction are discussed. Full article

This work is an attempt to modernise Weber’s electrodynamics to make it compatible with the high-velocity regime, and with the existence of a limiting velocity, c. For this purpose, starting from the law of energy conservation and the mass–energy equivalence, new expressions for potential energy and for kinetic energy are derived jointly which are consistent with an ultimate velocity of the value of c. The new potential energy, already reported by Phipps, becomes Weber’s expression in the limit of low velocities. The new kinetic energy differs from the relativistic expression, but, like the latter, it also becomes the Newtonian expression in the limit of low velocities. New expressions for force and linear momentum are also derived which complete a new mechanics. Phipps’ potential energy and new kinetic energy are applied to the problem of two interacting charges in a radial motion and orbital motion. The new framework is also applied to the problem of a charge moving between the two plates of a charged capacitor, obtaining a result similar to that obtained by means of Maxwell–Lorentz electromagnetism and relativistic mechanics. The metaphysical considerations that clearly differentiate the conventional framework from the new framework proposed here are discussed. Full article

The relationship between the chemical purity of one-size particles and microwave properties in ferromagnetic materials is not clearly studied. Ferromagnetic nanostructured iron powders were synthesized from iron nitrate solution using ultrasonic spray-pyrolysis and then reduced in H₂ flow at 350, 400, 450, and 500 °C. A rise in the concentration of solutions of a precursor from 10 to 20 wt. % led to an increase in mean particle size. The interrelationship was studied between chemical composition and the microwave dispersion of the powders obtained. An increase in the temperature of reduction changes the chemical composition and increases the amplitude of complex microwave permeability, which was studied using solid-state physics methods (XRD, STA, SEM, and VNA). It was found that annealing at 400 °C is the optimal treatment that allows the production of iron powders, consisting of about 90% of α-Fe phase, possessing a particle surface with low roughness and porosity, and demonstrating intense microwave absorption. Annealing at a higher temperature (500 °C) causes an even higher increase in permeability but leads to the destruction of nanostructured spheres into smaller particles due to grain growth. This destruction causes an abrupt increase in permittivity and therefore significantly reduces potential applications of the product. The insight into chemical–magnetic relationships of these materials enhances the data for design applications in magnetic field sensing. Full article

To expand the range of applications of multipolar bonded magnets based on a thermoplastic matrix, the chemical and thermal resistance has to be increased and the reduced orientation in the rapid solidified surface layer has to be overcome. To meet these requirements, the matrix of multipolar bonded magnets can be based on thermosets. This paper investigates in the magnetic properties, especially in the orientation of hard magnetic fillers, the pole accuracy and the mechanical properties of multipolar bonded ring magnets based on the hard magnetic filler strontium-ferrite-oxide and compares the possibilities of thermoplastic (polyamide)- and thermoset (epoxy resin, phenolic resin)-based matrices. It was shown that the magnetic potential of the thermoset-based material can only be fully used with further magnetization. However, the magnetic properties can be increased using thermoset-based compounds compared to thermoplastics in multipolar bonded ring magnets. Further, a model of the orientation and pole accuracy is found in terms of thermoset-based multipolar magnets. In addition, the change of the mechanical properties due to the different matrix systems was shown, with an increase in E-Modulus, E_t, and a reduction in tensile strength, σ_m, and elongation at break, ε_m, in terms of thermosets compared to thermoplastics. Full article

Microwave-assisted switching (MAS) is simulated for different CoPt and CoPt/Co₃Pt nanosrtuctures as a function of applied DC field and microwave frequency. In all the cases, the existence of microwave excitation can lower the switching field by more than 50%. However, this coercivity reduction comes at a cost in the required switching time. The optimal frequencies follow the trends of the ferromagnetic resonances predicted by the Kittel relations. This implies that: (a) when the DC field is applied along the easy axis, the coercivity reduction is proportional to the microwave frequency, whereas (b) when the coercivity is lowered by applying the DC field at an angle of 45° to the easy axis, extra MAS reduction requires the use of high frequencies. Full article

It was observed recently that the giant magnetoimpedance (GMI) effect in Fe-rich glass-coated amorphous microwires with positive magnetostriction can be improved significantly by means of post-annealing. The increase in the GMI is attributed to the induced helical magnetic anisotropy in the surface layer of the microwire, which appears after the annealing. The application of external stresses to the microwire may result in changes in its magnetic structure and affect the GMI response. In this work, we study theoretically the influence of the tensile and torsional stresses on the off-diagonal magnetoimpedance in annealed amorphous microwires with positive magnetostriction. The static magnetization distribution is analyzed in terms of the core–shell magnetic structure. The surface impedance tensor is obtained taking into account the magnetoelastic anisotropy induced by the external stresses. It is shown that the off-diagonal magnetoimpedance response exhibits strong sensitivity to the magnitude of the applied stress. The obtained results may be useful for sensor applications of amorphous microwires. Full article

Theoretical calculations of the temperature-dependent magnetization in FeGd alloys were done with the use of Heisenberg-type atomistic spin Hamiltonian and Monte Carlo algorithms. The random allocation of atoms in the desired crystal structure was used for simulations of magnetically amorphous alloys. Performed calculations for the two different crystal structures have shown an important role of coordination number on the observed critical temperature and compensation point. Moreover, the value of the exchange interaction between Fe and Gd sublattices plays a key role in the simulations—an increase in the Fe–Gd exchange constant provides an increase in critical temperature for each concentration of elements, which explains the higher temperature stabilization of Gd moments. It was shown that obtained temperature-dependent magnetization behavior is consistent with experimental observations, which confirms the applicability of the atomic model used to study FeGd or other magnetic alloy structures. Full article

In this work, it is demonstrated that straightforward implementations of the well-known textbook expressions of the off-axis magnetic field of a current loop are numerically unstable in a large region of interest. Specifically, close to the axis of symmetry and at large distances from the loop, complete loss of accuracy happens surprisingly fast. The origin of the instability is catastrophic numerical cancellation, which cannot be avoided with algebraic transformations. All exact expressions found in the literature exhibit similar instabilities. We propose a novel exact analytic expression, based on Bulirsch’s complete elliptic integral, which is numerically stable (15–16 significant figures in 64 bit floating point arithmetic) everywhere. Several field approximation methods (dipole, Taylor expansions, Binomial series) are studied in comparison with respect to accuracy, numerical stability and computation performance. In addition to its accuracy and global validity, the proposed method outperforms the classical solution, and even most approximation schemes in terms of computational efficiency. Full article

Light propagation through magnetic media with ellipsoidal inclusions much smaller than the light wavelength was investigated theoretically. It is assumed that the ellipsoidal inclusions have the same orientation but are randomly distributed inside the magnetic medium by the Gaussian law. The theoretical model is based on the multiple-scattering theory in the ladder approximation. A new type of electromagnetic field correlation is found to appear in this case, while it is absent in isotropic magnetic nanocomposites and nonmagnetic anisotropic composites. This feature allows for the precise control of light polarization in anisotropic magnetic media. Full article

A simple hybrid thermoelectric-magnetocaloric (TE-MC) system is analytically and numerically simulated using the working parameters of commercial Peltier cells and the properties of a material with a first-order and low-hysteresis magneto-structural phase transition as La(Fe,Mn,Si)${}_{13}$H${}_{1.65}$. The need for a new master equation of the heat diffusion is introduced to deal with these materials. The equation is solved by the Crank–Nicolson finite difference method. The results are compared with those corresponding to a pure TE system and a pure MC system with ideal thermal diodes. The MC material acts as a heat “elevator” to adapt its temperature to the cold or hot source making the TE system very efficient. The efficiency of the realistic hybrid system is improved by at least 30% over the pure Peltier system for the same current supply and is similar to the pure MC with ideal diodes for the same cooling power. Full article