Journal Description
Metrology
Metrology
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on the science and technology of measurement and metrology, published quarterly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 18.9 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 6.8 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: APC discount vouchers, optional signed peer review, and reviewer names published annually in the journal.
Latest Articles
Time and Its Measure: Historical and Social Implications
Metrology 2023, 3(3), 294-308; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology3030018 - 21 Aug 2023
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Time and frequency are quantities that have seen a proliferation and diffusion of tools, unimaginable until a few decades ago, and whose application implications are multiplying in a digital society, now characterized by an absolute lack of temporal and spatial limits. Today’s world
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Time and frequency are quantities that have seen a proliferation and diffusion of tools, unimaginable until a few decades ago, and whose application implications are multiplying in a digital society, now characterized by an absolute lack of temporal and spatial limits. Today’s world requires a perfect synchronism of human activities, both for the need to identify with certainty the moment of commercial transactions and to accurately describe biological phenomenologies, which affect the social life of individuals to the point of having repercussions on issues such as safety, production and manufacturing organization. In this regard, the recent award of the Nobel Prize for Medicine for the discovery of the gene capable of controlling our internal biological clock is significant. This paper describes the social implications connected to time measurements, analyzing some very original application effects, ranging from the typical cadences of production activities to sports applications, going so far as to highlight its apparent anomaly of adopting, unlike all other physical quantities, duodecimal and/or sexagesimal scales. Real time and perceived time can both converge and diverge, and this is almost never objectifiable, as it varies from individual to individual, according to individual experiences or sensitivities. This paper is a point of reflection attempting to understand how the chronology of major historical events influenced the organization of time as it is known today and how we arrived at actual measuring instruments so accurate and interconnected with the social sphere. The evolution of calendars and instruments for measuring relative time is described in terms of their specificity.
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Open AccessEditorial
Updated Strategy and Scope of Metrology
by
Metrology 2023, 3(3), 292-293; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology3030017 - 11 Aug 2023
Abstract
Our journal ‘Metrology’ has been up and running for a few years now, with interesting and ground-breaking publications covering the wide field that the concept of ‘metrology’ encompasses [...]
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Open AccessArticle
Application Scenarios of a Tactile Surface Roughness Measurement System for In Situ Measurement in Machine Tools
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Metrology 2023, 3(3), 280-291; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology3030016 - 29 Jul 2023
Abstract
The rate of automation in European industry is increasing continuously. In production metrology, the trend is shifting from measurement laboratories towards integration of metrology into the production process. Increasing levels of automation and the current skills shortage are driving demand for autonomous production
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The rate of automation in European industry is increasing continuously. In production metrology, the trend is shifting from measurement laboratories towards integration of metrology into the production process. Increasing levels of automation and the current skills shortage are driving demand for autonomous production systems. In this project, a roughness measurement system was developed that is fully integrated into machine tools and enables fully automatic roughness measurement of part surfaces during the machining process. Using a skidless measurement system, it was possible to obtained measured roughness values comparable to those obtained in measuring rooms under optimal conditions. The present paper shows the development process of the prototype and provides an overview of different application scenarios for in situ measurement of machine tools. In situ roughness measurement has high potential in the future of metrology in industrial applications. Not only can surfaces be measured directly in the process, sub-processes can be triggered based on the measured values, allowing the production process to react flexibly to actual conditions. Potential improvements in metrology and significant optimizations of the entire production chain are highlighted in this paper.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developments in 3D Metrology Selected from the 3D Metrology Conference 2022–2023)
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Open AccessArticle
Organized Computational Measurement to Design a High-Performance Muffler
Metrology 2023, 3(3), 254-279; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology3030015 - 14 Jul 2023
Abstract
Engine noise, as a source of sound pollution for humans and the environment, can be reduced by designing a high-performance muffler. This study presents a novel, organized design process of that muffler for the KTM390 engine as a case study. The acoustic simulation
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Engine noise, as a source of sound pollution for humans and the environment, can be reduced by designing a high-performance muffler. This study presents a novel, organized design process of that muffler for the KTM390 engine as a case study. The acoustic simulation analysis is performed in COMSOL software and aerodynamic analysis is performed in ANSYS Fluent. The features of the muffler considered in this designing process are the overall length of the muffler, the presence of baffles and related parameters (baffle distance, baffle hole diameter, and baffle hole offset), and the effects of extended tubes. In order to evaluate the acoustic performance of the muffler, an objective function has been defined and measured on two frequency ranges, 75–300 Hz and 300–1500 Hz. For evaluating the aerodynamic performance of that, the amount of backpressure is analyzed to achieve a maximum of 3.3 kilopascals for this muffler. The selection of the appropriate parameters includes comparing the resulting transmission loss curves and quantitative evaluation of objective functions (for transmission loss) and backpressure. This organized design process (i.e., tree diagram) leads to an increase in the efficiency of designing mufflers (for example, 41.2% improvement on backpressure).
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Dynamic Measurement Methods and Systems)
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Open AccessCommunication
Improving Experimental Design through Uncertainty Analysis
Metrology 2023, 3(3), 246-253; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology3030014 - 28 Jun 2023
Abstract
In this paper, the development of a fission-gas collecting and physical-analysis-enabling instrument was proposed for small-volume determination. Analysis specifications require a design capable of accurately and repeatably determining volumes in the range of 0.07–2.5 mL. This system relies on a series of gas
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In this paper, the development of a fission-gas collecting and physical-analysis-enabling instrument was proposed for small-volume determination. Analysis specifications require a design capable of accurately and repeatably determining volumes in the range of 0.07–2.5 mL. This system relies on a series of gas expansions originating from a cylinder with known internal volume. The combined gas law is used to derive the unknown volumes from these expansions. Initial system designs included one of two known volumes, 11.85 ± 0.34 mL and 5.807 ± 0.078 mL, with a manifold volume of 32 mL. Results obtained from modeling this system’s operation showed that 0.07 mL can be determined with a relative expanded uncertainty greater than 300% (k = 2) for a single replicate, which was unacceptable for the proposed experimental design. Initial modeling showed that the volume connecting the known volume and rodlet, i.e., the manifold volume, and the sensitivity of the pressure sensor were key contributors to the expanded uncertainty of the measured rodlet volume. The system’s design limited the available options for pressure sensors, so emphasis was placed on the design of the manifold volume. The final system design reduced the manifold volume to 17 mL. These changes in design, combined with replicate analysis, were able to reduce the relative expanded uncertainty by ±12% (k = 2) for the 0.07 mL volume.
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(This article belongs to the Collection Measurement Uncertainty)
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Open AccessBrief Report
New Standard for Metal Powder Bed Fusion Surface Texture Measurement and Characterisation
Metrology 2023, 3(2), 237-245; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology3020013 - 10 Jun 2023
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As metal additive manufacturing has been increasingly accepted as a viable method of industrial manufacture, there has been a significant uptake in manufacturers wishing to verify and test their parts through analysis of part surface. However, various studies have shown that metal additive
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As metal additive manufacturing has been increasingly accepted as a viable method of industrial manufacture, there has been a significant uptake in manufacturers wishing to verify and test their parts through analysis of part surface. However, various studies have shown that metal additive surfaces tend to exhibit highly complex features and, thus, represent a challenge to those wishing to undertake measurement and characterisation. Over the past decade, good practice in metal additive surface measurement and characterisation have been developed, ultimately resulting in the creation of a new standard guide, ASTM F3624-23, which summarises that good practice. Here, we explain the background and rationale for the creation of this standard and provide an overview of the contents of the standard. An example case study is then presented, showing the worked good practice guidance in a metal additive surface measurement and characterisation task, namely, a comparative measurement of an example surface using two different instruments. Finally, considerations for future versions of the standard are presented, explaining the need to develop further good practice for novel instruments and to focus on feature-based characterisation approaches.
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Open AccessArticle
Characteristic Function of the Tsallis q-Gaussian and Its Applications in Measurement and Metrology
Metrology 2023, 3(2), 222-236; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology3020012 - 18 May 2023
Cited by 1
Abstract
The Tsallis q-Gaussian distribution is a powerful generalization of the standard Gaussian distribution and is commonly used in various fields, including non-extensive statistical mechanics, financial markets and image processing. It belongs to the q-distribution family, which is characterized by a non-additive
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The Tsallis q-Gaussian distribution is a powerful generalization of the standard Gaussian distribution and is commonly used in various fields, including non-extensive statistical mechanics, financial markets and image processing. It belongs to the q-distribution family, which is characterized by a non-additive entropy. Due to their versatility and practicality, q-Gaussians are a natural choice for modeling input quantities in measurement models. This paper presents the characteristic function of a linear combination of independent q-Gaussian random variables and proposes a numerical method for its inversion. The proposed technique makes it possible to determine the exact probability distribution of the output quantity in linear measurement models, with the input quantities modeled as independent q-Gaussian random variables. It provides an alternative computational procedure to the Monte Carlo method for uncertainty analysis through the propagation of distributions.
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(This article belongs to the Collection Measurement Uncertainty)
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Open AccessArticle
Optimisation of Imaging Confocal Microscopy for Topography Measurements of Metal Additive Surfaces
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, , , , , and
Metrology 2023, 3(2), 186-221; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology3020011 - 10 May 2023
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Additive manufactured surfaces, especially metal powder bed fusion surfaces, present unique challenges for measurement because of their complex topographies. To address these measurement challenges, optimisation of the measurement process is required. Using a statistical approach, sensitivity analyses were performed on measurement settings found
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Additive manufactured surfaces, especially metal powder bed fusion surfaces, present unique challenges for measurement because of their complex topographies. To address these measurement challenges, optimisation of the measurement process is required. Using a statistical approach, sensitivity analyses were performed on measurement settings found on a commercial programmable array scanning confocal microscope. The instrument measurement process parameters were compared by their effects on three quality indicators: the areal surface texture parameter Sa, measurement noise, and number of non-measured points. An analysis was performed using a full factorial design of experiments for both the top and side surfaces of test surfaces made from Inconel 718 and Ti-6Al-4V using powder bed fusion. The results indicated that measurements of metal additive surfaces are robust to changes in the measurement control parameters for Sa, with variations within 5% of the mean parameter value for the same objective, surface, and measured area. The number of non-measured points and the measurement noise were more varied and were affected by the choice of measurement control parameters, but such changes could be predicted by the statistical models. The contribution offered by this work is an increased understanding of imaging confocal microscopy measurement of metal additive surfaces, along with the establishment of good practice guidance for measurements.
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Open AccessArticle
Creepage Distance Estimation of Hairpin Stators Using 3D Feature Extraction
Metrology 2023, 3(2), 169-185; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology3020010 - 08 May 2023
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The increasing demand for electric drives challenges conventional powertrain designs and requires new technologies to increase production efficiency. Hairpin stator manufacturing technology enables full automation, and quality control within the process is particularly important for increasing the process capacity, avoiding rejects and for
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The increasing demand for electric drives challenges conventional powertrain designs and requires new technologies to increase production efficiency. Hairpin stator manufacturing technology enables full automation, and quality control within the process is particularly important for increasing the process capacity, avoiding rejects and for safety-related aspects. Due to the complex, free-form geometries of hairpin stators and the required short inspection times, inline reconstruction and accurate quantification of relevant features is of particular importance. In this study, we propose a novel method to estimate the creepage distance, a feature that is crucial regarding the safety standards of hairpin stators and that could be determined neither automatically nor accurately until now. The data acquisition is based on fringe projection profilometry and a robot positioning system for a highly complete surface reconstruction. After alignment, the wire pairs are density-based clustered so that computations can be parallelized for each cluster, and an analysis of partial geometries is enabled. In several further steps, stripping edges are segmented automatically using a novel approach of spatially asymmetric windowed local surface normal variation, and the creepage distances are subsequently estimated using a geodesic path algorithm. Finally, the approach is examined and discussed for an entire stator, and a methodology is presented that enables the identification of implausible estimated creepage distances.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Open Challenges of On-Machine and In-Process Metrology for Precision Manufacturing)
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Open AccessReview
Measurement Techniques for Three-Dimensional Metrology of High Aspect Ratio Internal Features—A Review
Metrology 2023, 3(2), 139-168; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology3020009 - 17 Apr 2023
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Non-destructive measurements of high aspect ratio microscale features, especially those with internal geometries such as micro-holes, remain a challenging metrology problem that is increasing in difficulty due to the increasing requirement for more complexity and higher tolerances in such structures. Additionally, there is
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Non-destructive measurements of high aspect ratio microscale features, especially those with internal geometries such as micro-holes, remain a challenging metrology problem that is increasing in difficulty due to the increasing requirement for more complexity and higher tolerances in such structures. Additionally, there is a growing use of functional surface texturing for improving characteristics such as heat transfer and wettability. As a result, measurement techniques capable of providing dimensional form and surface finish for these features are of intense interest. This review explores the state-of-the-art inspection methodologies compatible with high-aspect-ratio structures and their suitability for extracting three-dimensional surface data based on identified high-aspect ratio structure types. Here, the abilities, limitations, challenges, and future requirements for the practical implementation and acceptance of these measurement techniques are presented.
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Open AccessCommunication
Metrological Evaluation of the Compatibility of Two Different Digital Density Meter Adjustment Methods
Metrology 2023, 3(2), 131-138; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology3020008 - 10 Apr 2023
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Brazilian regulation requires the test methods for analysing the shrinkage factor, and the solubility ratio in crude oils must be estimated under the measurement conditions for appropriation. Since these physicochemical parameters depend upon the density, a Brazilian oil company proposed an adapted and
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Brazilian regulation requires the test methods for analysing the shrinkage factor, and the solubility ratio in crude oils must be estimated under the measurement conditions for appropriation. Since these physicochemical parameters depend upon the density, a Brazilian oil company proposed an adapted and more user-friendly methodology for adjusting the digital density meter under high pressure and temperature conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the metrological compatibility of this proposal by comparing it with the fit model presented by a manufacturer of a digital densimeter and with the tabulated reference values of fluid density. Since the density data behaviour presented non-normal distributions, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test showed metrological compatibility between the approaches studied in the pressure range from 0 psi to 1200 psi (8.273709 MPa) and the temperature range from 5 °C to 70 °C.
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Open AccessArticle
Estimation of Measurement Uncertainty of the Real-Time Location System (RTLS) with Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Technology
Metrology 2023, 3(2), 113-130; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology3020007 - 24 Mar 2023
Abstract
The need to control the real-time location of assets is increasingly relevant worldwide. The Ultra-wideband (UWB) technology is an IoT solution for real-time locating systems (RTLS). The location of the asset is obtained by the signal exchange between a wireless tag (asset) and
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The need to control the real-time location of assets is increasingly relevant worldwide. The Ultra-wideband (UWB) technology is an IoT solution for real-time locating systems (RTLS). The location of the asset is obtained by the signal exchange between a wireless tag (asset) and fixed anchors. The tag interacts with the fixed anchors, defining its position through the distances obtained by trilateration. This data is sent to the server through the gateway. It is well-known that this process has several sources of errors. However, the measurement uncertainty assessment of UWB technology is an important topic regarding its scope of use. This paper presents a task-specific measurement uncertainty evaluation for the UWB positioning system, according to the ISO GUM. It aims to propose a method to support decision-making regarding the possible uses of UWB technology. The position provided by the UWB is compared with reference points using Cartesian coordinates that are measured with a total station, providing metrological reliability. Using the information from the estimated uncertainty, one can define the minimum tolerance interval associated with UWB technology for a given use. A case study demonstrates the method.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developments in 3D Metrology Selected from the 3D Metrology Conference 2022–2023)
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Time Synchronization Sensitivity in SV-based PMU Consistency Assessment
Metrology 2023, 3(1), 99-112; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology3010006 - 09 Mar 2023
Abstract
Modern power systems are rapidly transitioning towards a fully digital substation paradigm. Based on the IEC 61850, a common communication protocol between the different intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) promises a significant enhancement in terms of efficiency and interoperability. In this context, synchronization represents
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Modern power systems are rapidly transitioning towards a fully digital substation paradigm. Based on the IEC 61850, a common communication protocol between the different intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) promises a significant enhancement in terms of efficiency and interoperability. In this context, synchronization represents a crucial aspect as it allows us to rigorously compare measurements taken at the same time in different locations. In this paper, we consider a measurement chain for synchrophasor estimation based on digital inputs: an instrument transformer, a stand-alone merging unit (SAMU) and a phasor measurement unit (PMU). Both the SAMU and the PMU are equipped with independent synchronization sources. In case the SAMU loses its synchronization, the final measurement result would be considered invalid until a complete restoration of the SAMU synchronization status. In view of a longer continuity of operation, this paper proposes an alternative approach to evaluate the PMU Time Quality in real-time. This approach allows for continuing crucial monitoring and control operations, such as state estimation and fault detection, even in the presence of temporary loss of synchronization. A characterization, in both simulated and experimental conditions, proves the potential and reliability of the proposed approach. In the considered test case, the come-back within a sufficient time quality is correctly detected in less than 200 s, while waiting for the full restoration of the SAMU time reference would cost several minutes.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power and Electronic Measurement Systems)
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Open AccessArticle
Novel Low-Speed Measuring Method Based on Sine and Square Wave Signals
Metrology 2023, 3(1), 82-98; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology3010005 - 20 Feb 2023
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This paper presents a novel low-speed measuring method using analog sine and square waves of Hall effect speed sensors coupled with correlative digital signal processing algorithms packaged on a signal processing unit. The frequency of the initial signal is estimated by a square
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This paper presents a novel low-speed measuring method using analog sine and square waves of Hall effect speed sensors coupled with correlative digital signal processing algorithms packaged on a signal processing unit. The frequency of the initial signal is estimated by a square wave period measuring method (SWPM). On the basis of the initially measured frequency, a recursive self-correction (RSC) algorithm is used to perform the low-frequency measurement using the discrete sinusoid wave. The low-speed signal frequency can be derived continuously from the phase difference of the discrete sine wave, where the RSC algorithm is used to achieve high measuring accuracy. Compared to the method using only the SWPM algorithm, this novel low-speed measuring method enables faster measuring speed to achieve sufficient real-time performance. Simulation analyses and experiments verified the effectiveness of the proposed low-speed measuring method.
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Open AccessEditorial
Acknowledgment to the Reviewers of Metrology in 2022
Metrology 2023, 3(1), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology3010004 - 15 Feb 2023
Abstract
High-quality academic publishing is built on rigorous peer review [...]
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Open AccessArticle
Using Ontologies to Create Machine-Actionable Datasets: Two Case Studies
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Metrology 2023, 3(1), 65-80; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology3010003 - 03 Feb 2023
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Achieving the highest levels of compliance with the FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable, reusable) principles for scientific data management and stewardship requires machine-actionable semantic representations of data and metadata. Human and machine interpretation and reuse of measurement datasets rely on metrological information that is
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Achieving the highest levels of compliance with the FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable, reusable) principles for scientific data management and stewardship requires machine-actionable semantic representations of data and metadata. Human and machine interpretation and reuse of measurement datasets rely on metrological information that is often specified inconsistently or cannot be inferred automatically, while several ontologies to capture the metrological information are available, practical implementation examples are few. This work aims to close this gap by discussing how standardised measurement data and metadata could be presented using semantic web technologies. The examples provided in this paper are machine-actionable descriptions of Earth observation and bathymetry measurement datasets, based on two ontologies of quantities and units of measurement selected for their prominence in the semantic web. The selected ontologies demonstrated a good coverage of the concepts related to quantities, dimensions, and individual units as well as systems of units, but showed variations and gaps in the coverage, completeness and traceability of other metrology concept representations such as standard uncertainty, expanded uncertainty, combined uncertainty, coverage factor, probability distribution, etc. These results highlight the need for both (I) user-friendly tools for semantic representations of measurement datasets and (II) the establishment of good practices within each scientific community. Further work will consequently investigate how to support ontology modelling for measurement uncertainty and associated concepts.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metrology in Times of Digitization)
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3D Model-Based Large-Volume Metrology Supporting Smart Manufacturing and Digital Twin Concepts
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Victor Collins
Metrology 2023, 3(1), 29-64; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology3010002 - 18 Jan 2023
Abstract
New automated laser radar measurement systems at the Saab Inc. West Lafayette, USA, facility will make airframe assembly of the aft body for the new eT7-A aircraft a quicker, more cost-efficient process. Digital twin concepts realized through simulation and off-line programming show advantageous
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New automated laser radar measurement systems at the Saab Inc. West Lafayette, USA, facility will make airframe assembly of the aft body for the new eT7-A aircraft a quicker, more cost-efficient process. Digital twin concepts realized through simulation and off-line programming show advantageous results when studying future state scenarios or investigating how a current large-volume dimensional metrology system acts and behaves. The aim of this exploration has been to examine how to facilitate the design and programming of automated laser radar concepts by means of novel simulation-based software. High-speed computing algorithms efficiently solve tasks and sequence problems related to many statistical combinatorial possibilities in calculations. However, this approach requires accurate and reliable models and digital twins that are continuously updated with real world data and information. In this paper, the main contributions are to create procedures to define the dimensional metrology workflow at Saab and to model and simulate the laser radar process, enhancing and tailoring existing offline programming software by specific new functionalities. A case study conducted at Saab Aeronautics premises in Linköping acted as a clinical laboratory to generate our research findings. The exploratory work indicates that a reliable simulation-based development method can be used advantageously in the early-stage design layout of automated dimensional metrology systems to verify and guarantee the line-of-sight of, e.g., a laser light path and its allowed inclinations to a specific geometrical feature to be measured, extracted, and evaluated.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Portable 3D Measurement)
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Global Sensitivity Analysis and Uncertainty Quantification for Simulated Atrial Electrocardiograms
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, , , , , and
Metrology 2023, 3(1), 1-28; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology3010001 - 26 Dec 2022
Abstract
The numerical modeling of cardiac electrophysiology has reached a mature and advanced state that allows for quantitative modeling of many clinically relevant processes. As a result, complex computational tasks such as the creation of a variety of electrocardiograms (ECGs) from virtual cohorts of
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The numerical modeling of cardiac electrophysiology has reached a mature and advanced state that allows for quantitative modeling of many clinically relevant processes. As a result, complex computational tasks such as the creation of a variety of electrocardiograms (ECGs) from virtual cohorts of models representing biological variation are within reach. This requires a correct representation of the variability of a population by suitable distributions of a number of input parameters. Hence, the assessment of the dependence and variation of model outputs by sensitivity analysis and uncertainty quantification become crucial. Since the standard metrological approach of using Monte–Carlo simulations is computationally prohibitive, we use a nonintrusive polynomial chaos-based approximation of the forward model used for obtaining the atrial contribution to a realistic electrocardiogram. The surrogate increases the speed of computations for varying parameters by orders of magnitude and thereby greatly enhances the versatility of uncertainty quantification. It further allows for the quantification of parameter influences via Sobol indices for the time series of 12 lead ECGs and provides bounds for the accuracy of the obtained sensitivities derived from an estimation of the surrogate approximation error. Thus, it is capable of supporting and improving the creation of synthetic databases of ECGs from a virtual cohort mapping a representative sample of the human population based on physiologically and anatomically realistic three-dimensional models.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Virtual Measuring Systems and Digital Twins)
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Open AccessEditorial
New Frontiers in Measurement Uncertainty
Metrology 2022, 2(4), 495-498; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology2040029 - 12 Dec 2022
Cited by 1
Abstract
Metrology is the science of measurements [...]
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(This article belongs to the Collection Measurement Uncertainty)
Open AccessArticle
Uncertainty-Based Autonomous Path Planning for Laser Line Scanners
Metrology 2022, 2(4), 479-494; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology2040028 - 06 Dec 2022
Cited by 1
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This study proposes an algorithm to autonomously generate the scan path for a laser line scanner mounted on a coordinate measuring machine. The scan path is determined based on task-specific measurement uncertainty in order to prove conformance to specified tolerances. The novelty of
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This study proposes an algorithm to autonomously generate the scan path for a laser line scanner mounted on a coordinate measuring machine. The scan path is determined based on task-specific measurement uncertainty in order to prove conformance to specified tolerances. The novelty of the algorithm is the integration of measurement uncertainty. This development is made possible by recent developments for digital twins of optical measurement systems. Furthermore, the algorithm takes all the constraints of this optical measurement system into account. The proposed algorithm is validated on different objects with different surface characteristics. The validation is performed experimentally by a physical measurement system and virtually by an in-house developed digital twin. The validation proves that theoretical coverable areas are measured properly, and the method applied to the equipment used leads to adequate measurement paths that give measurements results with sufficient measurement uncertainty to prove conformance to specifications.
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