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Special Issue "Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases: Diagnosis and Management"

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A special issue of Diagnostics (ISSN 2075-4418). This special issue belongs to the section "Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2023 | Viewed by 8875

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Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Emine Alp

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Guest Editor

Infectious Disease Specialist Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Department, Medical Faculty, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
Interests: infection control in hospitals; intensive care unit infections; sepsis, antimicrobial resistance and control; zoonotic diseases

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are infectious diseases that have appeared and affected a population for the first time, or have existed previously but are rapidly increasing, either in terms of the number of new cases within a population, or their spread to new geographical areas. Re-emerging infectious diseases (REIDs) are infectious diseases that constituted significant health problems in a particular geographic area or globally during a previous time period, then declined greatly, but are now again becoming health problems of major importance. These diseases can easily cause epidemics and pandemics with the increasing travel, trade and mobility of people worldwide. The last pandemic has shown us that EIDs and REIDs still have a significant impact on global health security and the shaping of people’s lives.

Many EIDs and REIDs (up to 75%) have a zoonotic origin, meaning that the disease has emerged from an animal and crossed the species barrier to infect humans. However, infections due to several multi-drug resistant organisms are also in the EIDs and REIDs categories, such as vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Candida auris, which are considered non-zoonotic EIDs that are related to antibiotic overuse and misuse. Regardless of the source of EIDs and REIDs, the disease can spread easily when there is a microorganism that spreads from person to person and susceptible hosts in the community easily and cause epidemics and also pandemics. Early diagnosis and treatment and taking early isolation measures are important to prevent the spread of the disease.

The presently announced Special Issue entitled “Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases: Diagnosis and Management” will encompass research articles, case presentations, and literature reviews concerning the epidemiology, medical surveillance, as well as diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in EIDs and REIDs.

This Special Issue will explore, but is not restricted to, the following topics in EIDs and REIDs:

Surveillance and diagnostics;
Early warning response system and future pandemic preparedness;
Advances in the diagnostics;
Recent vaccine studies;
Clinical evaluation and therapeutics.

We hope that the published data will contribute to scientific discussion concerning these global health security problems.

Prof. Dr. Emine Alp
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Diagnostics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

zoonoses
diagnosis
management
emerging disease
re-emerging disease
vaccine
surveillance
early warning response system

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Review

Open AccessReview

Touching Base with Some Mediterranean Diseases of Interest from Paradigmatic Cases at the “Magna Graecia” University Unit of Infectious Diseases: A Didascalic Review

Ferdinando Carmelo Pio Lionello

Enrico Maria Trecarichi

Anna Beltrame

and

Carlo Torti

Diagnostics 2023, 13(17), 2832; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13172832 (registering DOI) - 01 Sep 2023

Abstract

Among infectious diseases, zoonoses are increasing in importance worldwide, especially in the Mediterranean region. We report herein some clinical cases from a third-level hospital in Calabria region (Southern Italy) and provide a narrative review of the most relevant features of these diseases from epidemiological and clinical perspectives. Further, the pathogenic mechanisms involved in zoonotic diseases are reviewed, focusing on the mechanisms used by pathogens to elude the immune system of the host. These topics are of particular concern for individuals with primary or acquired immunodeficiency (e.g., people living with HIV, transplant recipients, patients taking immunosuppressive drugs). From the present review, it appears that diagnostic innovations and the availability of more accurate methods, together with better monitoring of the incidence and prevalence of these infections, are urgently needed to improve interventions for better preparedness and response. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases: Diagnosis and Management)

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Open AccessReview

Crimean–Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus: Progress in Vaccine Development

Aykut Ozdarendeli

Diagnostics 2023, 13(16), 2708; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13162708 - 19 Aug 2023

Viewed by 367

Abstract

Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), a member of the Nairoviridae family and Bunyavirales order, is transmitted to humans via tick bites or contact with the blood of infected animals. It can cause severe symptoms, including hemorrhagic fever, with a mortality rate between 5 to 30%. CCHFV is classified as a high-priority pathogen by the World Health Organization (WHO) due to its high fatality rate and the absence of effective medical countermeasures. CCHFV is endemic in several regions across the world, including Africa, Europe, the Middle East, and Asia, and has the potential for global spread. The emergence of the disease in new areas, as well as the presence of the tick vector in countries without reported cases, emphasizes the need for preventive measures to be taken. In the past, the lack of a suitable animal model susceptible to CCHFV infection has been a major obstacle in the development of vaccines and treatments. However, recent advances in biotechnology and the availability of suitable animal models have significantly expedited the development of vaccines against CCHF. These advancements have not only contributed to an enhanced understanding of the pathogenesis of CCHF but have also facilitated the evaluation of potential vaccine candidates. This review outlines the immune response to CCHFV and animal models utilized for the study of CCHFV and highlights the progress made in CCHFV vaccine studies. Despite remarkable advancements in vaccine development for CCHFV, it remains crucial to prioritize continued research, collaboration, and investment in this field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases: Diagnosis and Management)

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Open AccessReview

Recent Advances in Colorimetric Tests for the Detection of Infectious Diseases and Antimicrobial Resistance

and

Diagnostics 2023, 13(14), 2427; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13142427 - 20 Jul 2023

Viewed by 703

Abstract

Diagnosis of infection-causing microorganisms with sensitive, rapid, selective and economical diagnostic tests is critical to start the right treatment. With these tests, the spread of infections can be prevented. In addition to that, the detection of antimicrobial resistance also makes a significant contribution to public health. In recent years, different types of diagnostic tests have been developed as alternatives to traditional diagnostic tests used in clinics. In particular, colorimetric tests, which minimize the need for an instrument, have advantages owing to their cost effectiveness, rapid response and naked-eye detection and practical use. In this review, we especially focused on pH indicators and nanomaterial-based colorimetric tests in detection of infection-causing microorganisms and antimicrobial resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases: Diagnosis and Management)

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Open AccessReview

Managing Viral Emerging Infectious Diseases via Current and Future Molecular Diagnostics

Mustafa Altindiş

and

Elmas Pınar Kahraman Kilbaş

Diagnostics 2023, 13(8), 1421; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13081421 - 15 Apr 2023

Viewed by 1138

Abstract

Emerging viral infectious diseases have been a constant threat to global public health in recent times. In managing these diseases, molecular diagnostics has played a critical role. Molecular diagnostics involves the use of various technologies to detect the genetic material of various pathogens, including viruses, in clinical samples. One of the most commonly used molecular diagnostics technologies for detecting viruses is polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR amplifies specific regions of the viral genetic material in a sample, making it easier to detect and identify viruses. PCR is particularly useful for detecting viruses that are present in low concentrations in clinical samples, such as blood or saliva. Another technology that is becoming increasingly popular for viral diagnostics is next-generation sequencing (NGS). NGS can sequence the entire genome of a virus present in a clinical sample, providing a wealth of information about the virus, including its genetic makeup, virulence factors, and potential to cause an outbreak. NGS can also help identify mutations and discover new pathogens that could affect the efficacy of antiviral drugs and vaccines. In addition to PCR and NGS, there are other molecular diagnostics technologies that are being developed to manage emerging viral infectious diseases. One of these is CRISPR-Cas, a genome editing technology that can be used to detect and cut specific regions of viral genetic material. CRISPR-Cas can be used to develop highly specific and sensitive viral diagnostic tests, as well as to develop new antiviral therapies. In conclusion, molecular diagnostics tools are critical for managing emerging viral infectious diseases. PCR and NGS are currently the most commonly used technologies for viral diagnostics, but new technologies such as CRISPR-Cas are emerging. These technologies can help identify viral outbreaks early, track the spread of viruses, and develop effective antiviral therapies and vaccines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases: Diagnosis and Management)

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Open AccessReview

Human Anthrax: Update of the Diagnosis and Treatment

and

Diagnostics 2023, 13(6), 1056; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13061056 - 10 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4683

Abstract

Anthrax is one of the most important zoonotic diseases which primarily infects herbivores and occasionally humans. The etiological agent is Bacillus anthracis which is a Gram-positive, aerobic, spore-forming, nonmotile, rod-shaped bacillus. The spores are resistant to environmental conditions and remain viable for a long time in contaminated soil, which is the main reservoir for wild and domestic mammals. Infections still occur in low-income countries where they cause suffering and economic hardship. Humans are infected by contact with ill or dead animals, contaminated animal products, directly exposed to the spores in the environment or spores released as a consequence of a bioterrorist event. Three classical clinical forms of the disease, cutaneous, gastrointestinal and inhalation, are seen, all of which can potentially lead to sepsis or meningitis. A new clinical form in drug users has been described recently and named “injectional anthrax” with high mortality (>33%). The symptoms of anthrax in the early stage mimics many diseases and as a consequence it is important to confirm the diagnosis using a bacterial culture or a molecular test. With regards to treatment, human isolates are generally susceptible to most antibiotics with penicillin G and amoxicillin as the first choice, and ciprofloxacin and doxycycline serving as alternatives. A combination of one or more antibiotics is suggested in systemic anthrax. Controlling anthrax in humans depends primarily on effective control of the disease in animals. Spore vaccines are used in veterinary service, and an acellular vaccine is available for humans but its use is limited. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases: Diagnosis and Management)

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Open AccessReview

Clinical Phenotypes of COVID-19 Associated Mucormycosis (CAM): A Comprehensive Review

Maria Panagiota Almyroudi

and

Diagnostics 2022, 12(12), 3092; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12123092 - 08 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1258

Abstract

A mucormycosis surge was reported during the COVID-19 pandemic in India. A literature search until 14 July 2022, with the aim of updating COVID-19-associated mucormycosis (CAM), identified 663 studies and 88 met inclusion criteria (8727 patients). India reported 8388 patients, Egypt 208 and Europe 40. Rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM) was identified among 8082 (98.3%) patients, followed by 98 (1.2%) with pulmonary. In India, 82.6% of patients had diabetes mellitus, with 82% receiving corticosteroids. In Europe, 75% presented pulmonary CAM, 32.5% had diabetes and 40% were immunocompromised. CAM was identified at a median of 17.4 days (IQR 7.5 days) post COVID-19 diagnosis, and PCR was performed in five studies. Rhino-orbital invasion is clinically obvious, while cerebral involvement presents with cavernous sinus thrombosis, meningitis and cerebrovascular disease. Symptoms of pulmonary CAM usually overlap with severe COVID-19 pneumonia. High-dose liposomal Amphotericin B (and early surgical debridement in ROCM) are the mainstay of therapy. The median mortality rate was estimated to be 21.4% (IQR 31.9%), increased by the presence of pulmonary (80% (IQR 50%) or cerebral involvement (50% (IQR 63.9%). In summary, different CAM clinical phenotypes need to be distinguished, influenced by geographical presentation. Opportunities exist for diagnosis and therapy optimization, based on earlier high-dose antifungal therapy, early source control, strict glycemic control and restriction of steroids to COVID-19 patients with oxygen requirements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases: Diagnosis and Management)

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Special Issue "Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases: Diagnosis and Management"

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