Search Results (7,315)

The Pusangguo deposit (1.42 Mt @ 1.42% Cu, 0.14 Mt @ 1.82% Zn, 0.08 Mt @ 1.01% Pb, and 285.8 t Co @ 140 g/t Co) is the first Co-rich Cu-Zn-Pb skarn deposit discovered in the Gangdese metallogenic belt. However, the trace and minor element geochemistry of the sulfides in this deposit has not been studied, limiting further understanding of elements’ occurrence and mineralization. Here, we identified four ore stages, and two types of sphalerites (SpI and SpII) and pyrites (PyI and PyII), in this deposit. In this study, LA-ICP-MS in-situ trace element analyses were conducted on sphalerite and pyrite, to obtain their chemical compositions, elemental substitution mechanisms, and mineralization physicochemical conditions. The results indicate that two types of sphalerites are generally more enriched with Co than pyrite. SpI has higher concentrations of Co, Cr, Cu, Ag, and As compared to SpII. Both types of sphalerite have very low contents of Sn, Ge, and Ga. PyII has higher contents of most trace elements, such as Co, Ni, Mn, Zn, Cu, As, Sn, Se, Pb, Ag, and Bi, compared to PyI. Both types of pyrite are poor in Mn, Ga, Ge, and Cd, but enriched in As, Co, and Ni. The Mn, Fe, Co, and Cd in sphalerite, and Co, Ni, and Mn in pyrite are generally lattice-bound, while Cu, As, Ag, and Sb are usually present in both micro-inclusions and coupled substitution. Significant elemental correlations in sphalerite indicate the possible substitution mechanisms 2Fe²⁺ + Ga²⁺ ↔ 3Zn²⁺, 2Fe²⁺ + Ge⁴⁺ ↔ 4Zn²⁺, and (Sb³⁺, Sn³⁺) + (Cu⁺, Ag⁺) ↔ 2Zn²⁺. The correlation trends between trace elements in pyrite suggest the coupled substitution mechanisms of (Tl⁺ + Cu⁺ + Ag⁺) + (As³⁺ + Sb³⁺) ↔ 2Zn²⁺ and As³⁺ + Cu⁺ ↔ 2Zn²⁺. The mineralization temperature at Pusangguo, as determined by the GGIMFis sphalerite geothermometer, is 237–345 °C (avg. 307 °C), consistent with the high Zn/Cd ratio (avg. 203), low Ga/In (avg. 0.06), and high In/Ge (avg. 15.9) in sphalerite, and high Co/Ni ratio (avg. 24) in pyrite. These results indicate that the ore-forming fluid was high-temperature, with a low sulfur fugacity (fS₂) (10^−13.4 to 10^−8.3) and low oxygen fugacity (fO₂). The high temperature, and low sulfur fugacity and oxygen fugacity of the ore-forming fluid, and the fluid-mixing process, jointly controlled the sulfide precipitation, which caused the formation of the Pusangguo deposit. Full article

The Qiandongshan–Dongtangzi large Pb-Zn deposit is located in the Fengxian–Taibai (abbr. Fengtai) polymetallic orefield. The ore bodies primarily occur within and around the contact surface between the limestone of the Gudaoling Formation and the phyllite of the Xinghongpu Formation, which are clearly controlled by anticline and specific lithohorizon. Magmatic rocks are well developed in the mining area, consisting mainly of granitoid plutons and mafic–felsic dikes. Previous metallogenic geochronology studies have yielded a narrow range of ages between 226 and 211 Ma, overlapped by the extensive magmatism during the Late Triassic period in this region. The ω(Co)/ω(Ni) ratio of pyrite in lead–zinc ore ranges from 4.44 to 15.57 (avg. 8.56), implying that its genesis is probably related to volcanic and magmatic-hydrothermal fluids. The δD and δ¹⁸O values (ranging from −94.2‰ to −82‰, and 18.89‰ to 20.72‰, respectively,) of the ore-bearing quartz indicate that the fluids were perhaps derived from a magmatic source. The δ³⁴S values of ore-related sulfides display a relatively narrow range of 4.29‰ to 9.63‰ and less than 10‰, resembling those of magmatic-hydrothermal origin Pb-Zn deposits. The Pb isotopic composition of the sulfides from the Qiandongshan–Dongtangzi Pb-Zn deposit (with ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios of 18.06 to 18.14, the ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios of 15.61 to 15.71, and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios of 38.15 to 38.50) is similar to that of the Late Triassic Xiba granite pluton, suggesting that they share the same Pb source. The contents of W, Mo, As, Sb, Hg, Bi, Cd, and other elements associated with magmatic-hydrothermal fluids are high in lead–zinc ores, and the contents of Sn, W, Co, and Ni are also enriched in sphalerite. The contents of trace elements and rare earth elements in the ore are similar to those in the Xiba granite pluton, and they maybe propose a magmatic-hydrothermal origin as well. As a result of this information, the Qiandongshan–Dongtangzi large Pb-Zn deposit may be classified as a magmatic hydrothermal stratabound type, with the Si/Ca contact area being the ore-forming structural plane. Thus, a mineralization model has been proposed based on a comparative analysis of the geological and geochemical properties of the lead–zinc deposit in the Fengtai orefield. It is considered that the secondary anticlines developed on both wings of the Qiandongshan–Dongtangzi composite anticline are the favorable sites for Pb-Zn deposition. Accordingly, the Si/Ca plane and secondary anticline are the major ore-controlling factors and prospecting targets. The verification project was first set up on the north wing of the composite anticline, and thick lead–zinc ore bodies were found in all verification boreholes, accumulating successful experience for deep exploration of lead–zinc deposits in this region. Full article

In world practice, the need for high-strength concrete with an intensive gain of early strength is due to an increase in requirements for characteristics of concrete and the desire to shorten the construction period. Alkali-activated cement, based on soluble sodium silicates (SSS), can demonstrate high strength and rapid gain due to the nano-modifying effect of amorphous silica present in SSS. However, the problem with the effective use of such cement compositions is unsatisfactory short setting times. This work investigates the effect of modifying admixtures on the structure formation of alkali-activated slag cement (AASC), its physical and mechanical properties depending on characteristics of SSS and the basicity of the aluminosilicate component (precursor), which was changed by the ratio of the ordinary Portland cement (OPC) clinker and granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS). A positive synergistic effect was noticed from glycerol and trisodium phosphate, as the components of a complex admixture, to control the setting of AASC. This resulted in extending the initial setting time from 1 to 5 min to the values of 21–72 min. The compressive strength of 21–26.3 MPa by 3 h, 36.5–43.4 MPa by 1 day, and 84.7–117.1 MPa by 28 days was obtained. Proper shrinkage deformations were equal to 0.47–0.6 mm/m. It was shown that with an increase in the basicity of the aluminosilicate component, the properties of AASC increased both in the early and late stages of hardening. Full article

The complete reaction of chalcopyrite at ≥220 °C under pressure oxidation conditions (10 or 20% w/w pulp density, PO₂ 700 kPa) is a clean process producing a residue consisting of hematite and un-reacted gangue minerals. However, when the process water contains chloride ions, covellite intermediate formation is significant and subsequently generates elemental sulphur that can persist for up to 60 min. Increasing the temperature to 230 °C reduces this time, although the dissolution of copper and the oxidation of sulphur still follows non-parallel reaction pathways. At 245 °C, the production of elemental sulphur in the presence of moderate chloride levels, 15 g/L, is no longer significant. The effects of other chemical additions (including enhancement of aluminium content) are also examined. Particular emphasis is given to the mineralogy of the leach residues and the deportment of iron in these residues to various phases that include hematite, basic ferric sulphate and natrojarosite. The residues are found to also contain a number of other intermediate phases in addition to covellite and sulphur, such as antlerite and clinoatacamite, depending upon the leach conditions employed. Full article

The sedimentary environment and organic matter enrichment relationship of the Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation black shale, Guanyinqiao mudstone, and Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation black shale in the Sichuan Basin of Weiyuan are analyzed using geochemical methods such as organic carbon, sulfur, major elements, and trace elements. The experimental results illustrate that the upper section of the Wufeng Formation and the lower section of the Longmaxi Formation are organic matter enrichment layers. The presence of P indicates a high productivity level in the Sichuan Basin from the Late Ordovician to the Early Silurian. In addition, indicators such as V/Cr, Ni/Co, and S/C suggest that the Wufeng Formation was deposited under anoxic reductive conditions, that the ice age Guanyinqiao segment was in an oxygen-rich to oxygen-poor environment, and that the Longmaxi Formation was in a sulfidic environment. Mo/TOC indicates that the Wufeng Formation shale was controlled by a restricted basin and that the Guanyinqiao segment and the Longmaxi Formation were in a medium-to-weak retention environment. The weak correlation of TOC with P/Al and Al indicates that the level of primary productivity and terrigenous detritus had a minor effect on the organic matter enrichment of the Wufeng and Longmaxi Formation black shale. Conversely, the positive correlation of TOC with V/Cr and Ni/Co illustrates that the anoxic reductive sedimentary environment is the main factor affecting the organic matter enrichment of the Wufeng and Longmaxi Formation black shale. Based on these studies, the development model of organic-rich shales of the Ordovician–Silurian in Weiyuan, Sichuan Basin is proposed. This paper may provide a reference for shale gas exploration in the Wufeng–Longmaxi Formation and a sedimentary response to the major geological events of Ordovician–Silurian. Full article

The Wadi Samra–Wadi Kid district in southeastern Sinai, Egypt, has undergone extensive investigation involving remote sensing analysis, field geology studies, petrography, and geochemistry. The main aim of this study is the integration between remote sensing applications, fieldwork, and laboratory studies for accurate lithological mapping for future mineral exploration in the study region. The field relationships between these coincident rocks were studied in the study area. Landsat-8 (OLI) data that cover the investigated area were used in this paper. The different rock units in the study area were studied petrographically using a polarizing microscope, in addition to major and trace analysis using ICP-OES tools. The Operational Land Imager (OLI) images were used with several processing methods, such as false color composite (FCC), band ratio (BR), principal component analysis (PCA), and minimum noise fraction (MNF) techniques for detecting the different types of rock units in the Wadi Kid district. This district mainly consists of a volcano-sedimentary sequence as well as diorite, gabbro, granite, and albitite. Geochemically, the metasediments are classified as pelitic graywackes derived from sedimentary origin (i.e., shales). The Al₂O₃ and CaO contents are medium–high, while the Fe₂O₃ and TiO₂ contents are very low. Alkaline minerals are relatively low–medium in content. All of the metasediment samples are characterized by high MgO contents and low SiO₂, Fe₂O₃, and CaO contents. The granitic rocks appear to have alkaline and subalkaline affinity, while the subalkaline granites are high-K calc-alkaline to shoshonite series. The alkaline rocks are classified as albitite, while the calc-alkaline series samples vary from monzodiorites to granites. The outcomes of this study can be used for prospecting metallic and industrial mineral exploration in the Wadi Kid district. Full article

This study examines the occurrence of glendonite along coastlines since 1825, which have been previously referred to under different names such as Pseudogaylussite, Fundylite, and Kool Hoot across eleven sites. By utilising element ratios and ¹⁴C radiometric dating techniques, we establish a more accurate chronology for these varied sites ranging from 10 to 1 thousand years before the present (Ky BP). Sites include tidal flats, coastal barrier islands, and Wadden Sea environments. While some sites still exist, others are only known through publications and museum collections. Our research expands upon previous findings by presenting petrographic evidence that correlates with glendonite formation. Through the examination of the Olenitsa site on the Kola Peninsula, we demonstrate that marine bioclasts enclosed within concretions surrounding glendonites provide temporal context, suggesting that these outcrops were formed during a single event under changing conditions. Notably, certain sediment structures at selected sites indicate the occurrence of cold-water ice-raft storm events and the presence of drop stones. Furthermore, our paper explores the association of historic coastal sites with the formation of ikaite, highlighting the limitations of relying solely on geochemistry and isotopic analysis for interpretation. Intriguingly, we observe that pseudomorphs are abundant in specific areas but absent in adjacent regions with similar environmental, physical, and chemical conditions. No apparent connection is found between volcanic dust cloud-induced cold spells and glendonite. The distribution of coastal glendonites is more likely related to periods of climatic cooling through other means. We show that radiometric dating with ¹⁴C provides an indication of age, but the results can be erroneous due to the inclusion of older carbon sources in the analysis. The oldest locations discussed in this study are Kool Hoot (Alaska) and the river Clyde (Scotland), and the youngest glendonites discussed are from the Bay of Fundy in Canada. Occurrences from the Wadden Sea are intermediate in age and sit between the other two groups. The age of the Olenitsa site on the Russian Kola Peninsula is uncertain and still debated. We show that measuring the ratio of Mg/Ca can indicate how much the recrystallised ikaite preserved as calcite is influenced by diagenetic pore waters. Full article

The occurrence and separation relationships of Na and maceral groups in Zhundong coals were investigated in this study. The sequential extraction results indicate that the total Na content of all samples decreased with increasing sampling depth, and the level in inertinite-enriched samples (inertinite content 81.0%–84.0%) was significantly higher than that in corresponding raw coals and vitrinite-enriched samples (vitrinite content 90%). Additionally, H₂O-Na (soluble salt species) and insoluble Na (acid-insoluble residues) were found to be concentrated in the inertinite-enriched samples. In combined SEM–EDS and microscope observations, local Na enrichments were detected in all raw coal and inertinite-enriched samples except for the vitrinite-enriched samples, but only inertinite-enriched samples were found to generally have over 10 wt% of Na enrichments, all of which occurred as NaCl. Moreover, Na is mostly filled or associated with cell-filling minerals in cells of fusinite. The maceral separation and Na removal of Zhundong coal were simultaneously achieved using triboelectrostatic separation. The vitrinite content in concentrates increased up to 60%, along with a reduced Na level, while the inertinite and sodium levels were both evidently raised in tailings. The obvious positive occurrence and separation correlation between sodium and inertinite offers new insight into, and a technical reference for, the sodium removal and maceral processing of Zhundong coal. Full article

This study aimed to investigate the impact of as-received biomass fly ashes (BFA) and green liquor dregs obtained from a pulp and paper plant in Brazil as substitutes for metakaolin in geopolymeric formulations. The properties of this type of waste material vary widely between different industrial plants. This study refrains from subjecting the waste materials to any form of pretreatment, taking into account their organic matter and particle size heterogeneity, requiring extensive characterization to evaluate their influence on the compressive strength, apparent open porosity, and water absorption of the geopolymeric samples. The objective was to assess their potential for upcycling purposes as an alternative to energy-intensive materials, such as ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and advanced ceramics. This potential arises from the ability of alkali-activated materials (AAM) to undergo curing at ambient temperatures, coupled with the possibility of compositions primarily derived from waste materials. To improve the sustainability of the products, the amorphous content of the raw material, which is more reactive than crystalline phases, was quantified and used as the base for mixture ratios. This approach aimed to reduce the requirement for alkaline activators, which have significant environmental impacts, while also increasing the waste content in the formulation. The incorporation of waste materials into the geopolymer matrix generally led to a reduction in the compressive strength compared to the benchmark metakaolin sample (19.4 MPa) but did not present a trend. The dregs led to values of 4.1 MPa at 25 wt% and 7.1 MPa at 50 wt%, a behavior that is somewhat counterintuitive, and BFA at 10 wt% presented 5.7 MPa. Nevertheless, the apparent open porosity remained at high levels for all the samples, close to 50%, and the compressive strength of most of them was over the values obtained for the metakaolin-only samples with mixture ratios calculated from the total composition instead of the amorphous composition. The decrease in strength and the increase in porosity were attributed to the specific characteristics of the waste materials, such as their high crystallinity, presence of organic matter, heterogeneous particle composition, and size. Overall, this study provides insight into the variations in geopolymerization based on the bulk and amorphous content of the aluminosilicate sources and how the characteristics of the waste materials influence the geopolymer matrix. It also highlights how calculating mixture ratios based on the amorphous composition improves the possibility of waste valorization through alkali activation. Additionally, it suggests that BFA and dregs might be effectively utilized in applications other than OPC substitution, such as adsorption, filtration, and catalysis. Full article

The galvanic interaction of gold and associated sulfide minerals in thiocyanate systems has a significant impact on gold leaching. The density functional theory was used to further reveal the galvanic interaction between gold and associated minerals. The electron transfer between gold and its associated minerals at different galvanic interaction distances was simulated. The results show that with the increase of the contact distance between pyrite and gold, the charge of pyrite increases, indicating that it is losing electrons gradually; the charge of arsenopyrite and chalcocite decreases with the rise of the contact distance between gold and pyrite, suggesting that they are gaining electrons. In addition, gold has the greatest influence on the gain and loss of electrons in pyrite and arsenopyrite and has the least influence on chalcocite. Through the calculation of the density of states, it is found that different distances of galvanic interaction have a great influence on the density of states of surface atoms under the action of pyrite and arsenopyrite with gold but have little effect on the density of states of surface atoms under the action of chalcocite with gold. Full article

In the process of the in situ leaching of weathered crust elution-deposited rare earth ores (WCE-DREOs), there are many problems in the conventional leaching agent, such as a slow leaching rate, low leaching yield and long leaching period. In order to solve the above problems, 2.0 wt% ammonium sulfate was mixed with hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC). The effects of the HPMC concentration, temperature, pH and flow rate on the leaching kinetics of rare earth (RE) and aluminum (Al) were investigated. The results showed that when the concentration of HPMC was 0.05 wt%, the leaching equilibrium time of RE and Al was about 60% shorter than that of single ammonium sulfate. With an increase in the leaching temperature, the leaching equilibrium time of RE and Al decreased, and the apparent activation energy of RE and Al was 23.13 kJ/mol and 17.31 kJ/mol, respectively. The leaching process was in line with the internal diffusion kinetic control model. When the pH of the leaching agent was 4.02~8.01, the leaching yield of RE and Al was basically the same, but the leaching yield of Al was greatly increased at pH 2.0 due to a large amount of adsorbed hydroxy-Al in the RE ore eluded. The leaching yield reached the maximum when the flow rate was 0.7 mL/min. The leaching time and the leaching cost of RE can be saved by the composite leaching agent. The results provide theoretical guidance for the development and industrial application of the new composite leaching agent. Full article

The underground storage of CO₂ (carbon dioxide) in basalt presents an exceptionally promising solution for the effective and permanent sequestration of CO₂. This is primarily attributed to its geochemistry and the remarkable presence of reactive basaltic minerals, which play a pivotal role in facilitating the process. However, a significant knowledge gap persists in the current literature regarding comprehensive investigations on the reactivity of basaltic minerals in the context of CO₂ sequestration, particularly with respect to different basalt types. To address this gap, a comprehensive investigation was conducted that considered seven distinct types of basalts identified through the use of a TAS (total alkali–silica) diagram. Through a thorough review of the existing literature, seven key factors affecting the reactivity of basaltic minerals were selected, and their impact on mineral reactivity for each basalt type was examined in detail. Based on this analysis, an M.H. reactivity scale was introduced, which establishes a relationship between the reactivity of dominant and reactive minerals in basalt and their potential for carbonation, ranging from low (1) to high (5). The study will help in choosing the most suitable type of basalt for the most promising CO₂ sequestration based on the percentage of reactive minerals. Additionally, this study identified gaps in the literature pertaining to enhancing the reactivity of basalt for maximizing its CO₂ sequestration potential. As a result, this study serves as an important benchmark for policymakers and researchers seeking to further explore and improve CO₂ sequestration in basaltic formations. Full article

Remote sensing (RS) technology has significantly contributed to geological exploration and mineral resource assessment. However, its effective application in vegetated areas encounters various challenges. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the challenges and opportunities associated with RS-based lithological identification in vegetated regions which includes the extensively reviewed prior research concerning the identification of lithology in vegetated regions, encompassing the utilized remote sensing data sources, and classification methodologies. Moreover, it offers a comprehensive overview of the application of remote sensing techniques in the domain of lithological mapping. Notably, hyperspectral RS and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) have emerged as prominent tools in lithological identification. In addition, this paper addresses the limitations inherent in RS technology, including issues related to vegetation cover and terrain effects, which significantly impact the accuracy of lithological mapping. To propel further advancements in the field, the paper proposes promising avenues for future research and development. These include the integration of multi-source data to improve classification accuracy and the exploration of novel RS techniques and algorithms. In summary, this paper presents valuable insights and recommendations for advancing the study of RS-based lithological identification in vegetated areas. Full article

The research on highly fractionated granite has significant implications for both the evolution and compositional maturation of the continental crust and metallogenic exploration. As a means of further understanding crustal evolution and promoting ore exploration in the Bangong–Nujiang metallogenic belt (BNMB), we present the petrography, zircon LA–ICP–MS U–Pb age, and Hf isotopic data, along with the whole-rock geochemical and Sr–Nd isotopic composition on Kese highly fractionated granite in the Baingoin area within the BNMB, central Tibet. The results show that Kese granite possesses a zircon U–Pb age of 127.8 ± 1.7 Ma and a relative enrichment in zircon Hf isotopic composition (−12.8~+0.3) with a two-stage Hf model age of 1.2~2.0 Ga. This granite belongs to the high-K calc-alkaline series, characterized by a strongly peraluminous feature, and is enriched in large-ion lithophile elements (LILEs) and Nd isotopes (−7.86~−7.74). The granite was likely to have been derived from the mixed melts derived from 40%~45% juvenile basaltic lower crust, 15%~20% ancient lower, and 40% middle–upper, following intense fractional crystallization processes involving amphibole, biotite, plagioclase, and some accessory minerals during the magma’s evolution. We infer that Kese highly fractionated granite can be formed from the continental collision of the Lhasa–Qiangtang terranes initiated before 128 Ma. The reworking of pre-existing juvenile and ancient crustal materials drove the composition of the northern Lhasa terrane to that of a mature continental crust. Moreover, the distinctive geochemical features have shown that the high degree of differentiation led to intense magmatic–hydrothermal interaction during the formation of Kese granite. A comparison of the geochemical characteristics of mineralized and barren granites suggests that the highly fractionated granites in Baingoin from the BNMB have a high economic potential and are suitable for preliminary exploration of Sn–W-(U) deposits. Full article

The paper discusses the development of a multiscale computational model for predicting the permeability of multilayer protective films consisting of multiple polymeric and hybrid layers containing clay minerals as fillers. The presented approach combines three levels of computation: continuous, full atomic, and quantitative structure–property correlations (QSPR). Oxygen and water are chosen as penetrant molecules. The main predictions are made using the continuum model, which takes into account the real scales of films and nanoparticles. It is shown that reliable predictions of the permeability coefficients can be obtained for oxygen molecules, which is not always possible for water. The latter requires the refinement of existing QSPR methods and interatomic interaction potentials for the atomistic level of calculations. Nevertheless, we show that the maximum effect on permeability reduction from the addition of clay fillers to the hybrid layer can be achieved by using nanoparticles with large aspect ratios and a high degree of orientational order. In addition, the use of the hybrid layer should be combined with the use of polymer layers with minimal oxygen and water permeability. The constructed model can be used to improve the properties of protective coatings for food and drug storage and to regulate the gas permeability of polymeric materials. Full article